Polity · 1868 CE – 1918 CE
Austria-Hungary
Österreich-Ungarn · Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia · Osztrák–Magyar Monarchia
- Peak recorded area
- 931,572 km²
- 1918 CE
- Rulers on record
- 2
- from 1848 CE
- Data series
- 59
- 1868 CE–1918 CE
Overview
Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy and officially as the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consisted of two sovereign states with a single monarch who was titled both the Emperor of Austria and the Apostolic King of Hungary.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
15 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 11 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before 1918 CE, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 16 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population103 obs · 1816 CE–1918 CE | 54.3Mpersons1918 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Urban Population103 obs · 1816 CE–1918 CE | 2.6Mpersons1918 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Life Expectancy6 obs · 1870 CE–1911 CE | 45.1years1911 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Height Men5 obs · 1870 CE–1910 CE | 168.9cm1910 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Infant Mortality5 obs · 1870 CE–1910 CE | 160per 1000 live births1910 CE · Clio-Infra |
| City Pop Prague3 obs · 1875 CE–1914 CE | 670Kpersons1914 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
Economy
6 of 14 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP51 obs · 1868 CE–1918 CE | 4,772int'l $ (inflation adj.)1918 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita49 obs · 1870 CE–1918 CE | 4,0732011 int'l $1918 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Total Exports49 obs · 1870 CE–1918 CE | 0million USD (current)1918 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports49 obs · 1870 CE–1918 CE | 0million USD (current)1918 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance49 obs · 1870 CE–1918 CE | 0million USD (current)1918 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness49 obs · 1870 CE–1918 CE | 0million USD (current)1918 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 8 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score103 obs · 1816 CE–1918 CE | 0.0319CINC (share of world capability)1918 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption103 obs · 1816 CE–1918 CE | 3.9Mcoal-ton equivalents1918 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel103 obs · 1816 CE–1918 CE | 839Kpersons1918 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production102 obs · 1816 CE–1917 CE | 2.9Mtons1917 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure GBP97 obs · 1817 CE–1913 CE | 37.5Mcurrent GBP1913 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure5 obs · 1914 CE–1918 CE | 2.1Bcurrent USD1918 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Coal Production19 obs · 1900 CE–1918 CE | 9.37TWh1918 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production19 obs · 1900 CE–1918 CE | 0TWh1918 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production19 obs · 1900 CE–1918 CE | 0TWh1918 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Governance
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index51 obs · 1868 CE–1918 CE | 0.305index (0-1)1918 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index51 obs · 1868 CE–1918 CE | 0.222index (0-1)1918 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity251 obs · 1868 CE–1918 CE | 0index (-10 to 10)1918 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Rule Of Law Index51 obs · 1868 CE–1918 CE | 0.883index (0-1)1918 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index46 obs · 1873 CE–1918 CE | 0.26index (0-1)1918 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type19 obs · 1900 CE–1918 CE | 1RoW index (0-3)1918 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 12 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index51 obs · 1868 CE–1918 CE | 0.624index (0-1)1918 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Telegraph49 obs · 1868 CE–1916 CE | 20.6count1916 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items46 obs · 1868 CE–1913 CE | 2,050items1913 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios46 obs · 1868 CE–1913 CE | 0count1913 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km46 obs · 1868 CE–1913 CE | 23Kkm1913 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage44 obs · 1868 CE–1912 CE | 471gross tons1912 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
2 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Franz Joseph I of AustriaEmperor of Austria1848 CE – 1916 CE
- Charles I of AustriaEmperor of Austria1916 CE – 1918 CE
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- German, Hungarian
- Currency
- Austro-Hungarian gulden, Austro-Hungarian krone
Memberships
- 4-member Defense Pact (1815)Military alliance · member1816 CE – 1822 CE
- 20-member Defense Pact (1815)Military alliance · member1816 CE – 1848 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Two Sicilies Defense Pact (1815)Military alliance · member1816 CE – 1820 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Tuscany Defense Pact (1815)Military alliance · member1816 CE – 1848 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Italy Defense Pact (1831)Military alliance · member1831 CE – 1848 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Russia Defense Pact (1833)Military alliance · member1833 CE – 1848 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Russia Entente (1833)Historical alliance · member1833 CE – 1853 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Russia Defense Pact (1833)Military alliance · member1833 CE – 1853 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Russia Defense Pact (1833)Military alliance · member1833 CE – 1839 CE
- 5-member Defense Pact (1840)Military alliance · member1840 CE – 1840 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Modena Defense Pact (1847)Military alliance · member1847 CE – 1859 CE
- Bavaria–Wuerttemburg–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1850)Military alliance · member1850 CE – 1850 CE
- 20-member Defense Pact (1815)Military alliance · member1850 CE – 1866 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Parma Defense Pact (1848)Military alliance · member1851 CE – 1859 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1851)Military alliance · member1851 CE – 1854 CE
- France–Austria-Hungary Entente (1854)Historical alliance · member1854 CE – 1856 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1854 CE – 1856 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Turkey Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1854 CE – 1856 CE
- United Kingdom–France–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1854 CE – 1856 CE
- United Kingdom–France–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1856)Military alliance · member1856 CE – 1877 CE
- 6-member Neutrality Pact (1862)Historical alliance · member1862 CE – 1866 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1864)Military alliance · member1864 CE – 1866 CE
- France–Austria-Hungary Non-Aggression Pact (1866)Historical alliance · member1866 CE – 1866 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Russia Entente (1873)Historical alliance · member1873 CE – 1878 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1877)Historical alliance · member1877 CE – 1878 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary Defense Pact (1879)Military alliance · member1879 CE – 1918 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Yugoslavia Non-Aggression Pact (1881)Historical alliance · member1881 CE – 1895 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1881)Historical alliance · member1881 CE – 1887 CE
- Triple AllianceHistorical alliance · founding member1882 CE – 1915 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Italy Defense Pact (1882)Military alliance · member1882 CE – 1918 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1883)Military alliance · member1883 CE – 1918 CE
- United Kingdom–Austria-Hungary–Italy Entente (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1897 CE
- 4-member Non-Aggression Pact (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1895 CE
- United Kingdom–Austria-Hungary–Italy Entente (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1897 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1904)Historical alliance · member1904 CE – 1908 CE
- Central PowersHistorical alliance · founding member1914 CE – 1918 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Bulgaria Defense Pact (1914)Military alliance · member1914 CE – 1918 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Bulgaria Defense Pact (1915)Military alliance · member1915 CE – 1918 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban PopulationChandler 1987 / Modelski 2003
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth; Modelski, G. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000.
Compiled from published works (Chandler 1987; Modelski 2003)
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
Austria-Hungary is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.