Polity · 1881 CE – 1954 CE
Kingdom of Romania
Regatul României
- Peak recorded area
- 302,753 km²
- 1919 CE
- Rulers on record
- 11
- from 1881 CE
- Data series
- 66
- 1881 CE–1954 CE
Overview
The Kingdom of Romania was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 25 March [O.S. 13 March] 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I, until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I and the Romanian Parliament proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
11 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before 1954 CE, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 15.8Mpersons1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Urban Population70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 1.1Mpersons1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| City Pop Bucharest10 obs · 1750 CE–1925 CE | 550Kpersons1925 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| Height Men7 obs · 1840 CE–1940 CE | 169.25cm1940 CE · Clio-Infra |
| City Pop Iasi6 obs · 1750 CE–1900 CE | 78Kpersons1900 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Izmail6 obs · 1790 CE–1900 CE | 33Kpersons1900 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
Economy
6 of 8 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP128 obs · 1820 CE–1947 CE | 3,169int'l $ (inflation adj.)1947 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita86 obs · 1862 CE–1947 CE | 1,086.572011 int'l $1947 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Total Exports70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 42million USD (current)1947 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 64.8million USD (current)1947 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | -22.8million USD (current)1947 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 106.8million USD (current)1947 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 7 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 0.0049CINC (share of world capability)1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 8.5Mcoal-ton equivalents1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production70 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 183Ktons1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel67 obs · 1878 CE–1947 CE | 140Kpersons1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure GBP36 obs · 1878 CE–1913 CE | 3.2Mcurrent GBP1913 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure28 obs · 1914 CE–1947 CE | 60.4Mcurrent USD1947 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Coal Production48 obs · 1900 CE–1947 CE | 6.98TWh1947 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production48 obs · 1900 CE–1947 CE | 13.16TWh1947 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production48 obs · 1900 CE–1947 CE | 44.31TWh1947 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Governance
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Rule Of Law Index159 obs · 1789 CE–1947 CE | 0.272index (0-1)1947 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index117 obs · 1831 CE–1947 CE | 0.146index (0-1)1947 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index115 obs · 1832 CE–1947 CE | 0.05index (0-1)1947 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index88 obs · 1860 CE–1947 CE | 0.053index (0-1)1947 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity288 obs · 1859 CE–1947 CE | -7index (-10 to 10)1947 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type48 obs · 1900 CE–1947 CE | 0RoW index (0-3)1947 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 14 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index117 obs · 1831 CE–1947 CE | 0.247index (0-1)1947 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km108 obs · 1825 CE–1946 CE | 10Kkm1946 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios63 obs · 1859 CE–1947 CE | 230count1947 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph60 obs · 1875 CE–1942 CE | 7.81count1942 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items53 obs · 1875 CE–1942 CE | 214items1942 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telephones33 obs · 1900 CE–1939 CE | 102Kcount1939 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
11 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Karl von Hohenzollern-SigmaringenKing of Romania1881 CE – 1914 CE
- King of RomaniaHead of State1881 CE – 1947 CE
- Ferdinand I of RomaniaKing of Romania1914 CE – 1927 CE
- Marie of RomaniaQueen Consort of Romania1914 CE – 1927 CE
- Gheorghe CristescuSecretary General of the Romanian Communist Party1921 CE – 1924 CE
- Michael I of RomaniaKing of Romania1927 CE – 1930 CE
- Carol II of RomaniaKing of Romania1930 CE – 1940 CE
- Boris StefanovSecretary General of the Romanian Communist Party1934 CE – 1940 CE
- Gheorghe Gheorghiu-DejSecretary General of the Romanian Communist Party1944 CE – 1954 CE
- Mihail Sadoveanuhead of state of Romania1947 CE – 1948 CE
- Gheorghe ApostolSecretary General of the Romanian Communist Party1954 CE – 1955 CE
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Romanian
- Currency
- Romanian Leu (RON)
Memberships
- 4-member Defense Pact (1883)Military alliance · member1883 CE – 1916 CE
- Romania–Russia Defense Pact (1914)Military alliance · member1914 CE – 1916 CE
- 5-member Defense Pact (1916)Military alliance · member1916 CE – 1918 CE
- Yugoslavia–Romania Defense Pact (1921)Military alliance · member1921 CE – 1940 CE
- Czechoslovakia–Romania Defense Pact (1921)Military alliance · member1921 CE – 1939 CE
- Poland–Romania Defense Pact (1921)Military alliance · member1921 CE – 1939 CE
- France–Romania Non-Aggression Pact (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1940 CE
- Italy–Romania Entente (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1932 CE
- Greece–Romania Non-Aggression Pact (1928)Historical alliance · member1928 CE – 1934 CE
- Romania–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1933)Historical alliance · member1933 CE – 1944 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1934)Military alliance · member1934 CE – 1940 CE
- 9-member Defense Pact (1937)Military alliance · member1937 CE – 1939 CE
- 5-member Non-Aggression Pact (1938)Historical alliance · member1938 CE – 1940 CE
- 6-member Defense Pact (1940)Military alliance · member1940 CE – 1941 CE
- Yugoslavia–Romania Defense Pact (1947)Military alliance · member1947 CE – 1949 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban PopulationChandler 1987 / Modelski 2003
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth; Modelski, G. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000.
Compiled from published works (Chandler 1987; Modelski 2003)
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
Kingdom of Romania is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.