Polity · 1992 CE – present
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosna i Hercegovina · Bosna i Hercegovina · Босна и Херцеговина
Also recorded as BiH
- Peak recorded area
- 51,166 km²
- 2006 CE
- Rulers on record
- 19
- from 1996 CE
- Data series
- 370
- 1992 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Bosnia and Herzegovina, often referred to as Bosnia-Herzegovina or simply as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest, with a 20-kilometre-long (12-mile) coast on the Adriatic Sea in the south. Bosnia has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
4 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 3 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 54 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 3.1Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 78.24years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -6,994persons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -0.811% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 81.23years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 74.88years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 139 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 11.5Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita71 obs · 1952 CE–2022 CE | 12.1K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP Current Usd65 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 32.6Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Female Labor Force Participation35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 39.4%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Labor Force Participation Rate35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 49.24%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| PPP Conversion Factor35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.3737ratio2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Military
6 of 34 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP46 obs · 2002 CE–2024 CE | 0.7471% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Armed Forces Personnel28 obs · 1992 CE–2020 CE | 11Kpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| CINC Score25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 0.0004CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 10.6Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 806Ktons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 11Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 59 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 7.23% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 42.73% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 51.2Ksq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 20.41mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 6.45t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Methane Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 5.36mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Legislature Total Seats49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 48seats2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Government Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 17count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Opposition Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 31count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Govt Party Vote Share39 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 16.3percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Opposition Vote Share34 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 16.3percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Electoral Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.508index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 56 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10052 obs · 1960 CE–2023 CE | 117.73per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Who Skilled Birth Attendance39 obs · 1985 CE–2023 CE | 6.17%2023 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
| Electricity Access %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Rural %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Urban %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Hospital Beds Per 100034 obs · 1980 CE–2019 CE | 2.35per_10002019 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
19 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Alija IzetbegovićHead of State1996 CE – 2000 CE
- Momčilo KrajišnikHead of State1996 CE – 1998 CE
- Jozo KrižanovićHead of State2001 CE – 2002 CE
- Dragan ČovićHead of State2002 CE – 2006 CE
- Mirko ŠarovićHead of State2002 CE – 2006 CE
- Sulejman TihićHead of State2002 CE – 2006 CE
- Haris SilajdžićHead of State2006 CE – 2010 CE
- Nebojša RadmanovićHead of State2006 CE – 2014 CE
- Željko KomšićHead of State2006 CE – 2014 CE
- Bakir IzetbegovićHead of State2010 CE – 2018 CE
- Vjekoslav BevandaHead of Government2012 CE – 2015 CE
- Mladen IvanićHead of State2014 CE – 2018 CE
- Denis ZvizdićHead of Government2015 CE – 2019 CE
- Milorad DodikHead of State2018 CE – 2022 CE
- Šefik DžaferovićHead of State2018 CE – 2022 CE
- Zoran TegeltijaHead of Government2019 CE – 2023 CE
- Denis BećirovićHead of State2022 CE –
- Željka CvijanovićHead of State2022 CE –
- Borjana KrištoHead of Government2023 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Croatia
- Government type
- parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: Chairperson of the Presidency Zeljko KOMSIC (chairperson since 16 July 2025; presidency member since 20 November 2018 - Croat seat); Denis BECIROVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Bosniak seat); Zeljka CVIJANOVIC (presidency member since 16 November 2022 - Serb seat);
- Ethnic groups
- Bosniak 50.1%, Serb 30.8%, Croat 15.4%, other 2.7%, not declared/no answer 1% (2013 est.)
- Natural resources
- coal, iron ore, antimony, bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, cobalt, manganese, nickel, clay, gypsum, salt, sand, timber, hydropower
- Economy
- import-dominated economy; remains consumption-heavy; lack of private sector investments and diversification; jointly addressing structural economic challenges; Chinese energy infrastructure investments; high unemployment; tourism industry impacted by COVID-19
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
- Currency
- konvertibilna markas (BAM)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1992 CE –
- Croatia–Bosnia and Herzegovina Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE – 1999 CE
- Croatia–Yugoslavia–Bosnia and Herzegovina Non-Aggression Pact (1995)Historical alliance · member1995 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CIA World Factbook 2024
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
WHO Global Health Observatory2024
World Health Organization (2024). Global Health Observatory data repository.
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.