Polity · 1516 CE – present
Kingdom of Spain
Reino de España · España · Reino de España
Also recorded as Spain
- Peak recorded area
- 1,293,280 km²
- 1890 CE
- Rulers on record
- 9
- from 1936 CE
- Data series
- 507
- 1516 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Spain, officially the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union (EU) member state.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
74 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 2 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 92 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population288 obs · 1 CE–2025 CE | 47.9Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Urban Population164 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 17.4Mpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Life Expectancy139 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 83.96years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration115 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 96.6Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth115 obs · 1961 CE–2025 CE | -0.064% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female114 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 86.59years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 160 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita710 obs · 1 CE–2022 CE | 34.1K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP413 obs · 1570 CE–2019 CE | 34.4Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 1.9Tcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Real Wage104 obs · 1821 CE–1935 CE | 16.33index (1500=1)1935 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Total Exports101 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 316.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports101 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 355Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 81 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score164 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 0.0075CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption164 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 191Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production164 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 13.6Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel164 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 122Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP137 obs · 1954 CE–2025 CE | 2% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| Military Expenditure GBP91 obs · 1816 CE–1913 CE | 14Mcurrent GBP1913 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 80 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %111 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 23.01% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production88 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.226TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production80 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 0.61TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production80 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 1.66TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 37.19% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 506Ksq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 29 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index199 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.829index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index199 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.745index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index199 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.575index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index199 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.954index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2170 obs · 1800 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type88 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 3RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 65 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index199 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.86index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km135 obs · 1825 CE–2000 CE | 13.9Kkm2000 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios123 obs · 1815 CE–1999 CE | 13.3Kcount1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph115 obs · 1830 CE–1993 CE | 14count1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items99 obs · 1846 CE–1990 CE | 5,626items1990 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage85 obs · 1850 CE–1992 CE | 2,722gross tons1992 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
9 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Francisco FrancoHead of State1936 CE – 1975 CE
- Juan Carlos I of SpainHead of State1975 CE – 2014 CE
- Leopoldo Calvo-SoteloHead of Government1981 CE – 1982 CE
- Felipe GonzálezHead of Government1982 CE – 1996 CE
- José María AznarHead of Government1996 CE – 2004 CE
- José Luis Rodríguez ZapateroHead of Government2004 CE – 2011 CE
- Mariano RajoyHead of Government2011 CE – 2018 CE
- Felipe VI of SpainHead of State2014 CE –
- Pedro SánchezHead of Government2018 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southwestern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, Bay of Biscay, and Pyrenees Mountains; southwest of France
- Government type
- parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- Executive branch
- chief of state: King FELIPE VI (since 19 June 2014); head of government: President of the Government of Spain (prime minister-equivalent) Pedro SANCHEZ PEREZ-CASTEJON (since 2 June 2018); cabinet: Council of Ministers designated by the president; election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary;
- Ethnic groups
- Spanish 84.8%, Moroccan 1.7%, Romanian 1.2%, other 12.3% (2021 est.)
- Natural resources
- coal, lignite, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, uranium, tungsten, mercury, pyrites, magnesite, fluorspar, gypsum, sepiolite, kaolin, potash, hydropower, arable land
- Economy
- high-income, core-EU and eurozone economy; strong growth driven by public consumption, tourism, and other service exports; tight labor market despite high structural unemployment; efforts to narrow persistent fiscal deficits through tax and spending measures; high but declining unemployment supported by job growth and immigration
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Aranese <, Basque, Castilian Spanish, Catalan, Galician
- Currency
- euros (EUR)
Memberships
- Netherlands–Spain Defense Pact (1816)Military alliance · member1816 CE – 1820 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1834)Military alliance · member1834 CE – 1839 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1847)Military alliance · member1847 CE – 1847 CE
- United Kingdom–France–Spain Entente (1861)Historical alliance · member1861 CE – 1862 CE
- 4-member Non-Aggression Pact (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1895 CE
- France–Spain Entente (1904)Historical alliance · member1904 CE – 1907 CE
- United Kingdom–France–Spain Entente (1907)Historical alliance · member1907 CE – 1915 CE
- Spain–Italy Non-Aggression Pact (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1936 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1955 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1981 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · member1982 CE –
- EECEECEconomic bloc · member1986 CE – 1993 CE
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · member1986 CE –
- 10-member Defense Pact (1948)Military alliance · member1988 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Kingdom of Spain is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.