Polity · 1830 CE – present
Republic of Ecuador
República del Ecuador · Ecuador · República del Ecuador
Also recorded as Ecuador
- Peak recorded area
- 263,205 km²
- 1834 CE
- Rulers on record
- 57
- from 1830 CE
- Data series
- 446
- 1830 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. It also includes the Galápagos Province which contains the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometers (621 mi) west of the mainland. The country's capital is Quito and its largest city is Guayaquil.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
5 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 2 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population269 obs · 1820 CE–2025 CE | 18.3Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 77.76years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Urban Population163 obs · 1854 CE–2016 CE | 5.3Mpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -17.2Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 0.843% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 80.46years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 168 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 11.8Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 25.7Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 27.5Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | -1,793.71million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 53.2Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| GDP per capita126 obs · 1870 CE–2022 CE | 10.1K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
Military
6 of 58 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score163 obs · 1854 CE–2016 CE | 0.0015CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption163 obs · 1854 CE–2016 CE | 18.8Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production163 obs · 1854 CE–2016 CE | 576Ktons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel151 obs · 1860 CE–2016 CE | 40Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP134 obs · 1953 CE–2024 CE | 2.22% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure92 obs · 1914 CE–2016 CE | 1.6Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 67 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 4.14% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Oil Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 297.08TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production117 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 5.98TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 49.55% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 21.54%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land per capita Ha63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.0572hectares per person2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 30 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index195 obs · 1830 CE–2024 CE | 0.651index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index195 obs · 1830 CE–2024 CE | 0.446index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index195 obs · 1830 CE–2024 CE | 0.504index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index195 obs · 1830 CE–2024 CE | 0.429index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2183 obs · 1830 CE–2012 CE | 5index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index195 obs · 1830 CE–2024 CE | 0.748index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km155 obs · 1845 CE–1999 CE | 956km1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios138 obs · 1830 CE–1999 CE | 4,470count1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telephones59 obs · 1903 CE–1987 CE | 355Kcount1987 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Commercial Vehicles56 obs · 1928 CE–1996 CE | 248count1996 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars56 obs · 1928 CE–1996 CE | 268Kcount1996 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
57 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- José Joaquín de OlmedoVice President of Ecuador1830 CE – 1831 CE
- Juan José FloresPresident of Ecuador1830 CE – 1834 CE
- Vicente RocafuertePresident of Ecuador1834 CE – 1839 CE
- José Joaquín de OlmedoPresident of Ecuador1845 CE
- Francisco RoblesPresident of Ecuador1856 CE – 1859 CE
- Gabriel García MorenoPresident of Ecuador1861 CE – 1865 CE
- Jerónimo CarriónPresident of Ecuador1865 CE – 1867 CE
- Javier Espinosa y EspinosaPresident of Ecuador1868 CE – 1869 CE
- José Javier EguigurenPresident of Ecuador1875 CE
- José María SarastíPresident of Ecuador1883 CE
- Antonio Flores JijónPresident of Ecuador1888 CE – 1892 CE
- Luis Cordero CrespoPresident of Ecuador1892 CE – 1895 CE
- Eloy AlfaroPresident of Ecuador1895 CE – 1901 CE
- Leónidas PlazaPresident of Ecuador1901 CE – 1905 CE
- Emilio Estrada CarmonaPresident of Ecuador1911 CE
- Alfredo Baquerizo MorenoPresident of Ecuador1916 CE – 1920 CE
- Isidro AyoraPresident of Ecuador1926 CE – 1931 CE
- Antonio PonsPresident of Ecuador1935 CE
- Andrés F. CórdovaPresident of Ecuador1939 CE – 1940 CE
- Carlos ArroyoPresident of Ecuador1939 CE
- Galo PlazaPresident of Ecuador1948 CE – 1952 CE
- Camilo Ponce EnríquezPresident of Ecuador1956 CE – 1960 CE
- Carlos Julio Arosemena MonroyVice President of Ecuador1960 CE – 1961 CE
- Carlos Julio Arosemena MonroyPresident of Ecuador1961 CE – 1963 CE
- Otto ArosemenaPresident of Ecuador1966 CE – 1968 CE
- Jaime Roldos AquileraPresident of Ecuador1979 CE – 1981 CE
- Osvaldo HurtadoVice President of Ecuador1979 CE – 1981 CE
- León Roldós AguileraVice President of Ecuador1981 CE – 1984 CE
- Osvaldo HurtadoPresident of Ecuador1981 CE – 1984 CE
- León Febres-CorderoPresident of Ecuador1984 CE – 1988 CE
- Luis ParodiVice President of Ecuador1988 CE – 1992 CE
- Rodrigo Borja CevallosPresident of Ecuador1988 CE – 1992 CE
- Sixto Durán-BallénPresident of Ecuador1992 CE – 1996 CE
- Abdalá Bucaram OrtizPresident of Ecuador1996 CE – 1997 CE
- Rosalía Arteaga SerranoVice President of Ecuador1996 CE – 1998 CE
- Fabián AlarcónPresident of Ecuador1997 CE
- Jamil MahuadPresident of Ecuador1997 CE – 2000 CE
- Rosalía Arteaga SerranoPresident of Ecuador1997 CE
- Gustavo NoboaVice President of Ecuador1998 CE – 2000 CE
- Gustavo NoboaPresident of Ecuador2000 CE – 2003 CE
- Pedro Pinto RubianesVice President of Ecuador2000 CE – 2003 CE
- Alfredo PalacioVice President of Ecuador2003 CE – 2005 CE
- Lucio GutiérrezPresident of Ecuador2003 CE – 2005 CE
- Alejandro Serrano AguilarVice President of Ecuador2005 CE – 2007 CE
- Alfredo PalacioPresident of Ecuador2005 CE – 2007 CE
- Lenín MorenoVice President of Ecuador2007 CE – 2013 CE
- Rafael CorreaPresident of Ecuador2007 CE – 2017 CE
- Jorge GlasVice President of Ecuador2013 CE – 2018 CE
- Lenín MorenoPresident of Ecuador2017 CE – 2021 CE
- María Alejandra VicuñaVice President of Ecuador2018 CE
- Otto SonnenholznerVice President of Ecuador2018 CE – 2020 CE
- María Alejandra MuñozVice President of Ecuador2020 CE – 2021 CE
- Alfredo Borrero VegaVice President of Ecuador2021 CE – 2023 CE
- Guillermo LassoPresident of Ecuador2021 CE – 2023 CE
- Daniel NoboaHead of State2023 CE –
- Verónica Abad RojasVice President of Ecuador2023 CE – 2025 CE
- María José PintoVice President of Ecuador2025 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Daniel NOBOA Azin (since 23 November 2023); head of government: President Daniel NOBOA Azin (since 23 November 2023); cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president;
- Ethnic groups
- Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 77.5%, Montubio 7.7%, Indigenous 7.7%, White 2.2%, Afroecuadorian 2%, Mulatto 1.4%, Black 1.3%, other 0.1% (2022 est.)
- Natural resources
- petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower
- Economy
- highly informal South American economy; USD currency user; major banana exporter; hard hit by COVID-19; macroeconomic fragility from oil dependency; successful debt restructuring; China funding budget deficits; social unrest hampering economic activity
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Spanish
Memberships
- Ecuador–Peru Defense Pact (1860)Military alliance · member1860 CE – 1860 CE
- Colombia–Ecuador Defense Pact (1864)Military alliance · member1864 CE – 1866 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1865)Military alliance · member1866 CE – 1871 CE
- Ecuador–Bolivia Non-Aggression Pact (1911)Historical alliance · member1911 CE –
- 21-member Entente (1936)Historical alliance · member1936 CE – 1945 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1945)Military alliance · member1945 CE – 1947 CE
- 35-member Defense Pact (1947)Military alliance · member1947 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Ecuador is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.