Polity · 1822 CE – present
Republic of Peru
República del Perú · Perú · Piruw
Also recorded as Peru
- Peak recorded area
- 1,471,430 km²
- 1822 CE
- Rulers on record
- 41
- from 1872 CE
- Data series
- 489
- 1822 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered to the north by Ecuador and Colombia, to the east by Brazil, to the southeast by Bolivia, to the south by Chile, and to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
14 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 4 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 68 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population278 obs · 1000 CE–2025 CE | 34.6Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Urban Population178 obs · 1839 CE–2016 CE | 14.3Mpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 78.12years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 11.9Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 1.02% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 80.45years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 172 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita428 obs · 1595 CE–2022 CE | 12.8K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 14.4Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 38.1Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 46.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | -8,475.13million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 84.7Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 66 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score178 obs · 1839 CE–2016 CE | 0.0031CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption178 obs · 1839 CE–2016 CE | 39.2Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production178 obs · 1839 CE–2016 CE | 1.2Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel175 obs · 1839 CE–2016 CE | 81Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP141 obs · 1949 CE–2024 CE | 0.9093% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure99 obs · 1914 CE–2016 CE | 2.1Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 90 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 3.06% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Gas Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 159.61TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 60.67TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Coal Production117 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 3.58TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 56.1% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 19.05%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 30 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Rule Of Law Index204 obs · 1821 CE–2024 CE | 0.623index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index198 obs · 1821 CE–2024 CE | 0.634index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index198 obs · 1821 CE–2024 CE | 0.493index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index198 obs · 1821 CE–2024 CE | 0.416index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2190 obs · 1821 CE–2012 CE | 9index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index204 obs · 1821 CE–2024 CE | 0.728index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Radios144 obs · 1824 CE–1999 CE | 6,960count1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km115 obs · 1883 CE–1999 CE | 2,015km1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage103 obs · 1888 CE–1998 CE | 337gross tons1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Freight Tkm74 obs · 1919 CE–1993 CE | 844tonne-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Passenger Km74 obs · 1919 CE–1993 CE | 165passenger-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
41 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Manuel PardoHead of State1872 CE – 1876 CE
- Mariano Herencia ZevallosHead of State1872 CE
- Mariano Ignacio PradoHead of State1876 CE – 1879 CE
- Luis La PuertaHead of State1879 CE
- Nicolás de PiérolaHead of State1879 CE – 1881 CE
- Francisco García CalderónHead of State1881 CE
- Lizardo Montero FloresHead of State1881 CE – 1883 CE
- Miguel IglesiasHead of State1882 CE – 1885 CE
- Andrés Avelino CáceresHead of State1886 CE – 1890 CE
- Remigio Morales BermúdezHead of State1890 CE – 1894 CE
- Justiniano BorgoñoHead of State1894 CE
- Eduardo López de RomañaHead of State1899 CE – 1903 CE
- Manuel CandamoHead of State1903 CE – 1904 CE
- José Pardo y BarredaHead of State1904 CE – 1908 CE
- Serapio CalderónHead of State1904 CE
- Augusto LeguíaHead of State1908 CE – 1912 CE
- Guillermo BillinghurstHead of State1912 CE – 1914 CE
- Óscar R. BenavidesHead of State1914 CE – 1915 CE
- Luis Miguel Sánchez CerroHead of State1930 CE – 1933 CE
- Manuel Prado UgartecheHead of State1939 CE – 1945 CE
- José Luis Bustamante y RiveroHead of State1945 CE – 1948 CE
- Manuel OdríaHead of State1948 CE – 1956 CE
- Ricardo Pérez GodoyHead of State1962 CE – 1963 CE
- Fernando Belaúnde TerryHead of State1963 CE – 1968 CE
- Nicolás Lindley LópezHead of State1963 CE
- Juan Velasco AlvaradoHead of State1968 CE – 1975 CE
- Francisco Morales BermúdezHead of State1975 CE – 1980 CE
- Alan GarcíaHead of State1985 CE – 1990 CE
- Alberto FujimoriHead of State1990 CE – 2000 CE
- Valentín PaniaguaHead of State2000 CE – 2001 CE
- Alejandro ToledoHead of State2001 CE – 2006 CE
- Ollanta HumalaHead of State2011 CE – 2016 CE
- Pedro Pablo KuczynskiHead of State2016 CE – 2018 CE
- Martín VizcarraHead of State2018 CE – 2020 CE
- Francisco SagastiHead of State2020 CE – 2021 CE
- Manuel MerinoHead of State2020 CE
- Pedro CastilloHead of State2021 CE – 2022 CE
- Dina BoluarteHead of State2022 CE – 2025 CE
- José JeríHead of State2025 CE – 2026 CE
- José María BalcázarHead of Government2026 CE –
- José María BalcázarHead of State2026 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025); head of government: President José Enrique JERÍ Oré (since 10 October 2025); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president;
- Ethnic groups
- Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 60.2%, Indigenous 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)
- Natural resources
- copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas
- Economy
- upper-middle-income South American economy; strong post-COVID rebound tempered by political uncertainty and climate risks; exports driven by mineral extraction and agriculture; large informal sector and uneven access to public services; stable fiscal position and financial sector
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Aymara, Quechua, Spanish
- Currency
- nuevo sol (PEN)
Memberships
- Ecuador–Peru Defense Pact (1860)Military alliance · member1860 CE – 1860 CE
- Peru–Bolivia Defense Pact (1863)Military alliance · member1863 CE – 1873 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1865)Military alliance · member1865 CE – 1871 CE
- Peru–Bolivia Defense Pact (1873)Military alliance · member1873 CE – 1883 CE
- 21-member Entente (1936)Historical alliance · member1936 CE – 1945 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1945)Military alliance · member1945 CE – 1947 CE
- 35-member Defense Pact (1947)Military alliance · member1947 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Peru is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.