Polity · 1868 CE – present
Mexico
Mexko · México · Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Also recorded as United Mexican States
- Peak recorded area
- 2,003,530 km²
- 1870 CE
- Rulers on record
- 26
- from 1911 CE
- Data series
- 532
- 1868 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2, and is the thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
11 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 80 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population296 obs · 1870 CE–2025 CE | 131.9Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 75.45years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Urban Population150 obs · 1867 CE–2016 CE | 71.3Mpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -108Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 0.808% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 78.17years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 179 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP153 obs · 1867 CE–2019 CE | 19Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 397.5Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 440Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | -42.4Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness145 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 837.5Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| GDP per capita130 obs · 1870 CE–2022 CE | 16.2K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
Military
6 of 71 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score150 obs · 1867 CE–2016 CE | 0.0147CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption150 obs · 1867 CE–2016 CE | 252.2Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production150 obs · 1867 CE–2016 CE | 18.8Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel145 obs · 1867 CE–2016 CE | 277Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP141 obs · 1949 CE–2024 CE | 0.8933% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure102 obs · 1914 CE–2016 CE | 5.1Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 102 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 10.3% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 35.86TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 357.64TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 1,120.79TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 33.6% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 50.69%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 29 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index158 obs · 1867 CE–2024 CE | 0.505index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index158 obs · 1867 CE–2024 CE | 0.251index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index158 obs · 1867 CE–2024 CE | 0.345index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index158 obs · 1867 CE–2024 CE | 0.388index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2146 obs · 1867 CE–2012 CE | 8index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 71 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index158 obs · 1867 CE–2024 CE | 0.671index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km120 obs · 1867 CE–1999 CE | 26.7Kkm1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items111 obs · 1878 CE–1993 CE | 936items1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph110 obs · 1877 CE–1993 CE | 47count1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios101 obs · 1867 CE–1999 CE | 33Kcount1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage100 obs · 1888 CE–1998 CE | 1,085gross tons1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
26 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Francisco I. MaderoHead of State1911 CE – 1913 CE
- Francisco S. CarvajalHead of State1914 CE
- Venustiano CarranzaHead of State1917 CE – 1920 CE
- Adolfo de la HuertaHead of State1920 CE
- Álvaro ObregónHead of State1920 CE – 1924 CE
- Plutarco Elías CallesHead of State1924 CE – 1928 CE
- Emilio Portes GilHead of State1928 CE – 1930 CE
- Pascual Ortiz RubioHead of State1930 CE – 1932 CE
- Abelardo L. RodríguezHead of State1932 CE – 1934 CE
- Lázaro CárdenasHead of State1934 CE – 1940 CE
- Manuel Ávila CamachoHead of State1940 CE – 1946 CE
- Miguel Alemán ValdésHead of State1946 CE – 1952 CE
- Adolfo Ruiz CortinesHead of State1952 CE – 1958 CE
- Adolfo López MateosHead of State1958 CE – 1964 CE
- Gustavo Díaz-OrdazHead of State1964 CE – 1970 CE
- Luis EcheverríaHead of State1970 CE – 1976 CE
- José López PortilloHead of State1976 CE – 1982 CE
- Miguel de la MadridHead of State1982 CE – 1988 CE
- Carlos Salinas de GortariHead of State1988 CE – 1994 CE
- Ernesto ZedilloHead of State1994 CE – 2000 CE
- Vicente Fox QuesadaHead of State2000 CE – 2006 CE
- Felipe CalderónPresident2006 CE – 2012 CE
- Felipe CalderónHead of State2011 CE – 2012 CE
- Enrique Peña NietoHead of State2012 CE – 2018 CE
- Andrés Manuel López ObradorHead of State2018 CE – 2024 CE
- Claudia SheinbaumHead of State2024 CE –
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Nahuatl, Spanish, Yucatec Maya
- Currency
- peso (MXN)
Memberships
- 21-member Entente (1936)Historical alliance · member1936 CE – 1945 CE
- Allied Powers (WWII)Historical alliance · member1942 CE – 1945 CE
- 20-member Defense Pact (1945)Military alliance · member1945 CE – 1947 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 35-member Defense Pact (1947)Military alliance · member1947 CE –
- NAFTANAFTATrade agreement · founding member1994 CE – 2020 CE
- G20G20Political union · founding member1999 CE –
- USMCAUSMCATrade agreement · founding member2020 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0