Polity · 1305 CE – 1923 CE
Ottoman Empire
دولت عالیه عثمانیه
- Peak recorded area
- 4,254,100 km²
- 1595 CE
- Rulers on record
- 36
- from 1299 CE
- Data series
- 92
- 1340 CE–1923 CE
Overview
The Ottoman Empire, historically also known as the Turkish Empire, was a state that spanned much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th century to the early 20th century, centered around modern-day Turkey. It also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
136 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 48 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before 1923 CE, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 40 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population108 obs · 1816 CE–1923 CE | 13Mpersons1923 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Urban Population108 obs · 1816 CE–1923 CE | 731Kpersons1923 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| City Pop Istanbul34 obs · 1200 CE–1914 CE | 1.1Mpersons1914 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Bursa22 obs · 1350 CE–1900 CE | 71Kpersons1900 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Edirne18 obs · 1400 CE–1900 CE | 81Kpersons1900 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Trabzon14 obs · 1204 CE–1900 CE | 40Kpersons1900 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
Economy
6 of 17 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP173 obs · 1750 CE–1922 CE | 1,476int'l $ (inflation adj.)1922 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports53 obs · 1870 CE–1922 CE | 13.93million USD (current)1922 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports53 obs · 1870 CE–1922 CE | 40.41million USD (current)1922 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance53 obs · 1870 CE–1922 CE | -26.48million USD (current)1922 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness53 obs · 1870 CE–1922 CE | 54.34million USD (current)1922 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Real Wage45 obs · 1820 CE–1913 CE | 4.88index (1500=1)1913 CE · Clio-Infra |
Military
6 of 12 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score108 obs · 1816 CE–1923 CE | 0.0066CINC (share of world capability)1923 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption108 obs · 1816 CE–1923 CE | 597Kcoal-ton equivalents1923 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production108 obs · 1816 CE–1923 CE | 0tons1923 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel106 obs · 1816 CE–1923 CE | 129Kpersons1923 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure GBP51 obs · 1851 CE–1913 CE | 25.1Mcurrent GBP1913 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Battle Count20 obs · 1362 CE–1918 CE | 1battles1918 CE · Historical Conflict Events Dataset (HCED v3) |
Territory & resources
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Coal Production23 obs · 1900 CE–1922 CE | 3.11TWh1922 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production23 obs · 1900 CE–1922 CE | 0TWh1922 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production23 obs · 1900 CE–1922 CE | 0TWh1922 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Territory km²8 obs · 1420 CE–1718 CE | 4.7Msq km1718 CE · Seshat Equinox 2020 |
| Polity Territory3 obs · 1500 CE–1700 CE | 6.69score1700 CE · Seshat Equinox 2020 |
Governance
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Polity2119 obs · 1800 CE–1922 CE | 0index (-10 to 10)1922 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Admin Levels3 obs · 1421 CE–1683 CE | 9.5levels1683 CE · Seshat Equinox 2020 |
| Religious Hierarchy3 obs · 1421 CE–1683 CE | 4levels1683 CE · Seshat Equinox 2020 |
| Jurisdictional Hierarchy | 3ordinal1900 CE · D-PLACE Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock) |
| Political Succession | 1ordinal1900 CE · D-PLACE Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock) |
Development
6 of 13 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Tech Radios99 obs · 1815 CE–1913 CE | 0count1913 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km31 obs · 1865 CE–1923 CE | 3,756km1923 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Numeracy11 obs · 1820 CE–1920 CE | 66.07ABCC index1920 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Years Education6 obs · 1870 CE–1920 CE | 0.59years1920 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Government Complexity4 obs · 1500 CE–1800 CE | 1score1800 CE · Seshat Equinox 2020 |
| Hierarchy Levels4 obs · 1500 CE–1800 CE | 8.17score1800 CE · Seshat Equinox 2020 |
Rulers
36 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Osman Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1299 CE – 1324 CE
- Orhansultan of the Ottoman Empire1326 CE – 1362 CE
- Murad Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1362 CE – 1389 CE
- Bayezid Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1389 CE – 1402 CE
- Mehmed Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1413 CE – 1421 CE
- Murad IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1421 CE – 1444 CE
- Mehmed IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1444 CE – 1446 CE
- Bayezid IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1481 CE – 1512 CE
- Selim Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1512 CE – 1520 CE
- Suleiman the Magnificentsultan of the Ottoman Empire1520 CE – 1566 CE
- Selim IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1566 CE – 1574 CE
- Murad IIIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1574 CE – 1595 CE
- Mehmed IIIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1595 CE – 1603 CE
- Ahmed Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1603 CE – 1617 CE
- Mustafa Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1617 CE – 1618 CE
- Osman IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1618 CE – 1622 CE
- Murad IVsultan of the Ottoman Empire1623 CE – 1640 CE
- Ibrahim Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1640 CE – 1648 CE
- Mehmed IVsultan of the Ottoman Empire1648 CE – 1687 CE
- Suleiman IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1687 CE – 1691 CE
- Ahmed IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1691 CE – 1695 CE
- Mustafa IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1695 CE – 1703 CE
- Ahmed IIIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1703 CE – 1730 CE
- Mahmud Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1730 CE – 1754 CE
- Osman IIIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1754 CE – 1757 CE
- Mustafa IIIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1757 CE – 1774 CE
- Abdul Hamid Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1774 CE – 1789 CE
- Selim IIIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1789 CE – 1807 CE
- Mustafa IVsultan of the Ottoman Empire1807 CE – 1808 CE
- Mahmud IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1808 CE – 1839 CE
- Abdülmecid Isultan of the Ottoman Empire1839 CE – 1861 CE
- Abdülazizsultan of the Ottoman Empire1861 CE – 1876 CE
- Abdul Hamid IIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1876 CE – 1909 CE
- Murad Vsultan of the Ottoman Empire1876 CE
- Mehmed Vsultan of the Ottoman Empire1909 CE – 1918 CE
- Mehmed VIsultan of the Ottoman Empire1918 CE – 1922 CE
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Ottoman Turkish
- Currency
- kuruş, Akçe, Ottoman lira, sultani
Memberships
- Russia–Turkey Defense Pact (1833)Military alliance · member1833 CE – 1841 CE
- 5-member Defense Pact (1840)Military alliance · member1840 CE – 1840 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1854 CE – 1856 CE
- Austria-Hungary–Turkey Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1854 CE – 1856 CE
- United Kingdom–Turkey Defense Pact (1878)Military alliance · member1878 CE – 1880 CE
- Central PowersHistorical alliance · member1914 CE – 1918 CE
- Germany–Turkey Defense Pact (1914)Military alliance · member1914 CE – 1918 CE
- Bulgaria–Turkey Defense Pact (1914)Military alliance · member1914 CE – 1918 CE
- Turkey–Afghanistan Defense Pact (1921)Military alliance · member1921 CE – 1928 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban PopulationChandler 1987 / Modelski 2003
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth; Modelski, G. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000.
Compiled from published works (Chandler 1987; Modelski 2003)
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
D-PLACE Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock)Ethnographic Atlas (D-PLACE 2.3)
Kirby, K.R. et al. (2016). D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. PLoS ONE 11(7).
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Historical Conflict Events Dataset (HCED v3)v3
Brecke, P. Conflict Catalog (Historical Conflict Events Dataset), digitized v3.
Academic use, attribution
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
Seshat Equinox 2020Equinox 2020
Turchin, P. et al. Seshat Global History Databank, Equinox 2020 release.
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
Ottoman Empire is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.