Polity · 1924 CE – present
Republic of Turkey
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti · Türkiye · Turkey Cumhuriyeti
Also recorded as Turkey, Turkiye, Türkiye
- Peak recorded area
- 768,499 km²
- 1946 CE
- Rulers on record
- 27
- from 1923 CE
- Data series
- 473
- 1924 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 86 million people; most are ethnic Turks, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
13 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 53 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population243 obs · 1923 CE–2025 CE | 87.7Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 77.82years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -258.2Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 0.25% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 80.82years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 74.94years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 168 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 1.6Tcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita100 obs · 1923 CE–2022 CE | 27.4K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP97 obs · 1923 CE–2019 CE | 21.1Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports92 obs · 1923 CE–2014 CE | 157.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports92 obs · 1923 CE–2014 CE | 242.2Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance92 obs · 1923 CE–2014 CE | -84.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 71 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP131 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 2.3% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| CINC Score94 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 0.0148CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption94 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 200.3Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production94 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 33.2Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel93 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 511Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure92 obs · 1924 CE–2016 CE | 8.8Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 97 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 26.35% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production102 obs · 1923 CE–2024 CE | 207.79TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production94 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 3.91TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production94 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 31.76TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 29.48% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 50.14%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 24 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Polity290 obs · 1923 CE–2012 CE | 9index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Checks And Balances49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 3count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Executive Years In Office49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 9years2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Govt Party Vote Share49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 42.56percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Legislature Total Seats49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 600seats2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Military Government49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 0binary2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
Development
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Tech Railway Line Km75 obs · 1924 CE–1998 CE | 8,435km1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Electricity Production72 obs · 1930 CE–2001 CE | 123BGWh2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph72 obs · 1926 CE–1998 CE | 2.56count1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items69 obs · 1928 CE–1998 CE | 898items1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Commercial Vehicles65 obs · 1930 CE–2003 CE | 1,794count2003 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars65 obs · 1930 CE–2003 CE | 4.7Mcount2003 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
27 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Mustafa Kemal AtatürkHead of State1923 CE – 1938 CE
- Abdülhalik RendaHead of State1938 CE
- İsmet İnönüHead of State1938 CE – 1950 CE
- Celâl BayarHead of State1950 CE – 1960 CE
- Cemal GürselHead of State1960 CE – 1966 CE
- Cevdet SunayHead of State1966 CE – 1973 CE
- İbrahim Şevki AtasagunHead of State1966 CE
- Fahri KorutürkHead of State1973 CE – 1980 CE
- Tekin ArıburunHead of State1973 CE
- İhsan Sabri ÇağlayangilHead of State1980 CE
- Kenan EvrenHead of State1980 CE – 1989 CE
- Turgut ÖzalHead of State1989 CE – 1993 CE
- Hüsamettin CindorukHead of State1993 CE
- Süleyman DemirelHead of State1993 CE – 2000 CE
- Tansu ÇillerHead of Government1993 CE – 1996 CE
- Necmettin ErbakanHead of Government1996 CE – 1997 CE
- Mesut YılmazHead of Government1997 CE – 1999 CE
- Bülent EcevitHead of Government1999 CE – 2002 CE
- Ahmet Necdet SezerHead of State2000 CE – 2007 CE
- Abdullah GülHead of Government2002 CE – 2003 CE
- Recep Tayyip ErdoğanHead of Government2003 CE – 2014 CE
- Abdullah GülHead of State2007 CE – 2014 CE
- Ahmet DavutoğluHead of Government2014 CE – 2016 CE
- Recep Tayyip ErdoğanHead of State2014 CE –
- Binali YıldırımHead of Government2016 CE – 2018 CE
- Fuat OktayVice President of Turkey2018 CE – 2023 CE
- Cevdet YılmazVice President of Turkey2023 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southeastern Europe and Southwestern Asia (that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe), bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Georgia, and bordering the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, between Greece and Syria
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 28 August 2014); head of government: President Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 9 July 2018); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president;
- Ethnic groups
- Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 19%, other minorities 6-11% (2016 est.)
- Natural resources
- coal, iron ore, copper, chromium, antimony, mercury, gold, barite, borate, celestite (strontium), emery, feldspar, limestone, magnesite, marble, perlite, pumice, pyrites (sulfur), clay, arable land, hydropower
- Economy
- upper-middle-income, diversified Middle Eastern economy; industrializing economy that maintains large agricultural base; key energy, tourism, and construction sectors; high inflation, interest rates, and foreign debt pose risk to financial stability
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Turkish, Turkish
- Currency
- Turkish liras (TRY)
Memberships
- Russia–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1925)Historical alliance · member1925 CE – 1939 CE
- Iran–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1937 CE
- Turkey–Afghanistan Non-Aggression Pact (1928)Historical alliance · member1928 CE – 1948 CE
- Italy–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1928)Historical alliance · member1928 CE – 1935 CE
- Hungary–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1929)Historical alliance · member1929 CE – 1945 CE
- Bulgaria–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1929)Historical alliance · member1929 CE – 1939 CE
- Greece–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1930)Historical alliance · member1930 CE – 1941 CE
- France–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1930)Historical alliance · member1930 CE – 1940 CE
- Romania–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1933)Historical alliance · member1933 CE – 1944 CE
- Yugoslavia–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1933)Historical alliance · member1933 CE – 1941 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1934)Military alliance · member1934 CE – 1940 CE
- 9-member Defense Pact (1937)Military alliance · member1937 CE – 1939 CE
- 4-member Non-Aggression Pact (1937)Historical alliance · member1937 CE – 1955 CE
- 5-member Non-Aggression Pact (1938)Historical alliance · member1938 CE – 1940 CE
- United Kingdom–France–Turkey Defense Pact (1939)Military alliance · member1939 CE – 1945 CE
- France–Turkey Defense Pact (1939)Military alliance · member1939 CE – 1939 CE
- Germany–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1941)Historical alliance · member1941 CE – 1945 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1951 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · member1952 CE –
- 6-member Defense Pact (1953)Military alliance · member1953 CE – 1954 CE
- 6-member Defense Pact (1953)Military alliance · member1954 CE – 1964 CE
- Turkey–Pakistan Entente (1954)Historical alliance · member1954 CE – 1955 CE
- 6-member Non-Aggression Pact (1955)Historical alliance · member1955 CE – 1979 CE
- CENTOCENTOMilitary alliance · founding member1955 CE – 1979 CE
- United States of America–Turkey Defense Pact (1959)Military alliance · member1959 CE –
- Greece–Cyprus–Turkey Defense Pact (1960)Military alliance · member1960 CE – 1974 CE
- Organisation of Islamic CooperationOICInternational organisation · founding member1969 CE –
- Romania–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1991)Historical alliance · member1991 CE –
- Russia–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Bulgaria–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Albania–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Croatia–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1994)Historical alliance · member1994 CE –
- Azerbaijan–Turkey Defense Pact (1994)Military alliance · member1994 CE –
- G20G20Political union · founding member1999 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Turkey is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.