Polity · 1919 CE – 1935 CE
Weimar Republic
Deutsches Reich · Weimarer Republik
- Peak recorded area
- 481,583 km²
- 1932 CE
- Rulers on record
- 17
- from 1919 CE
- Data series
- 64
- 1920 CE–1935 CE
Overview
The Weimar Republic was a historical period of the German state from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history. The state was officially named the German Reich; it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic. The period's informal name is derived from the city of Weimar, where the republic's constituent assembly took place.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
6 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before 1935 CE, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 66.9Mpersons1935 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Urban Population16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 20.3Mpersons1935 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Height Men2 obs · 1920 CE–1930 CE | 174cm1930 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Infant Mortality2 obs · 1920 CE–1930 CE | 75.1per 1000 live births1930 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Life Expectancy2 obs · 1925 CE–1935 CE | 61.5years1935 CE · Clio-Infra |
| City Pop Berlin | 4Mpersons1925 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
Economy
6 of 8 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 6,5672011 int'l $1935 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 8,083int'l $ (inflation adj.)1935 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports15 obs · 1920 CE–1934 CE | 1,640.55million USD (current)1934 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports15 obs · 1920 CE–1934 CE | 1,752.36million USD (current)1934 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance15 obs · 1920 CE–1934 CE | -111.81million USD (current)1934 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness15 obs · 1920 CE–1934 CE | 3,392.91million USD (current)1934 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0.1026CINC (share of world capability)1935 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 177Mcoal-ton equivalents1935 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 16.4Mtons1935 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 1.6Bcurrent USD1935 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 461Kpersons1935 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Coal Production16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 1,079.96TWh1935 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0TWh1935 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 4.97TWh1935 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Governance
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0.072index (0-1)1935 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0.013index (0-1)1935 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0.037index (0-1)1935 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity216 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | -9index (-10 to 10)1935 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0RoW index (0-3)1935 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0.198index (0-1)1935 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 14 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 0.043index (0-1)1935 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Electricity Production16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 31.5BGWh1935 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 5,564items1935 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 58.4Kkm1935 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 19.3count1935 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telephones16 obs · 1920 CE–1935 CE | 3.1Mcount1935 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
17 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Friedrich EbertHead of State1919 CE – 1925 CE
- Gustav BauerHead of Government1919 CE – 1920 CE
- Philipp ScheidemannHead of Government1919 CE
- Constantin FehrenbachHead of Government1920 CE – 1921 CE
- Hermann MüllerHead of Government1920 CE
- Joseph WirthHead of Government1921 CE – 1922 CE
- Wilhelm CunoHead of Government1922 CE – 1923 CE
- Gustav StresemannHead of Government1923 CE
- Wilhelm MarxHead of Government1923 CE – 1924 CE
- MertenMayor of Clausthal-Zellerfeld1924 CE – 1925 CE
- Gustav BuchholzMayor of Clausthal-Zellerfeld1925 CE – 1929 CE
- Hans LutherHead of Government1925 CE – 1926 CE
- Paul von HindenburgHead of State1925 CE – 1934 CE
- Heinrich BrüningHead of Government1930 CE – 1932 CE
- Johannes StorchMayor of Clausthal-Zellerfeld1930 CE – 1933 CE
- Franz von PapenHead of Government1932 CE
- Kurt von SchleicherHead of Government1932 CE – 1933 CE
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- German
- Currency
- Papiermark, Reichsmark, Rentenmark
Memberships
- 5-member Defense Pact (1925)Military alliance · member1925 CE – 1936 CE
- Germany–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1933 CE
- Germany–Poland Non-Aggression Pact (1934)Historical alliance · member1934 CE – 1939 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban PopulationChandler 1987 / Modelski 2003
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth; Modelski, G. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000.
Compiled from published works (Chandler 1987; Modelski 2003)
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
Weimar Republic is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.