Polity · 1946 CE – present
Republic of Italy
Repubblica Italiana · Italia
- Peak recorded area
- 288,768 km²
- 1946 CE
- Rulers on record
- 44
- from 1946 CE
- Data series
- 468
- 1946 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. It consists of a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land border, as well as nearly 800 islands, notably Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares land borders with France to the west; Switzerland and Austria to the north; Slovenia to the east; and the two enclaves of Vatican City and San Marino.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
2 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 68 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population219 obs · 1946 CE–2025 CE | 59.1Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 84.03years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 75.4Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -0.353% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 86.01years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 81.94years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 155 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 2.6Tcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita77 obs · 1946 CE–2022 CE | 36.2K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP74 obs · 1946 CE–2019 CE | 35.5Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| Total Exports69 obs · 1946 CE–2014 CE | 521.5Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports69 obs · 1946 CE–2014 CE | 451.1Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance69 obs · 1946 CE–2014 CE | 70.4Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 80 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP139 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 1.61% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd76 obs · 1949 CE–2024 CE | 37.4Kmillions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Arms Imports Tiv Million75 obs · 1950 CE–2024 CE | 494tiv_million2024 CE · SIPRI Arms Transfers TIV |
| CINC Score71 obs · 1946 CE–2016 CE | 0.0114CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption71 obs · 1946 CE–2016 CE | 253.1Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production71 obs · 1946 CE–2016 CE | 23.4Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 72 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 23.96% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Gas Production79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 28TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 51.82TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Coal Production71 obs · 1946 CE–2016 CE | 0TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 32.89% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 44.26%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 29 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 0.803index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 0.705index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 0.623index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 3RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 0.863index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity267 obs · 1946 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 64 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index79 obs · 1946 CE–2024 CE | 0.844index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Hospital Beds Per 100063 obs · 1960 CE–2022 CE | 3.06per_10002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tech Electricity Production56 obs · 1946 CE–2001 CE | 272BGWh2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Steel Electric Arc55 obs · 1946 CE–2001 CE | 16.5Kmetric tons2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Newspaper Circulation54 obs · 1946 CE–1999 CE | 6.7Mcirculation1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars54 obs · 1946 CE–1999 CE | 31.2Mcount1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
44 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Alcide De GasperiHead of State1946 CE
- Alcide De GasperiHead of Government1946 CE – 1947 CE
- Enrico de NicolaHead of State1946 CE – 1948 CE
- Luigi EinaudiHead of State1948 CE – 1955 CE
- Giuseppe PellaHead of Government1953 CE – 1954 CE
- Amintore FanfaniHead of Government1954 CE
- Mario ScelbaHead of Government1954 CE – 1955 CE
- Antonio SegniHead of Government1955 CE – 1957 CE
- Giovanni GronchiHead of State1955 CE – 1962 CE
- Adone ZoliHead of Government1957 CE – 1958 CE
- Fernando TambroniHead of Government1960 CE
- Antonio SegniHead of State1962 CE – 1964 CE
- Aldo MoroHead of Government1963 CE – 1964 CE
- Giovanni LeoneHead of Government1963 CE
- Giuseppe SaragatHead of State1964 CE – 1971 CE
- Mariano RumorHead of Government1968 CE – 1969 CE
- Emilio ColomboHead of Government1970 CE – 1972 CE
- Giovanni LeoneHead of State1971 CE – 1978 CE
- Giulio AndreottiHead of Government1972 CE
- Sandro PertiniHead of State1978 CE – 1985 CE
- Francesco CossigaHead of Government1979 CE – 1980 CE
- Arnaldo ForlaniHead of Government1980 CE – 1981 CE
- Giovanni SpadoliniHead of Government1981 CE – 1982 CE
- Bettino CraxiHead of Government1983 CE – 1986 CE
- Francesco CossigaHead of State1985 CE – 1992 CE
- Giovanni GoriaHead of Government1987 CE – 1988 CE
- Ciriaco De MitaHead of Government1988 CE – 1989 CE
- Giuliano AmatoHead of Government1992 CE – 1993 CE
- Oscar Luigi ScalfaroHead of State1992 CE – 1999 CE
- Carlo Azeglio CiampiHead of Government1993 CE – 1994 CE
- Silvio BerlusconiHead of Government1994 CE – 1995 CE
- Lamberto DiniHead of Government1995 CE – 1996 CE
- Romano ProdiHead of Government1996 CE – 1998 CE
- Massimo D'AlemaHead of Government1998 CE – 1999 CE
- Carlo Azeglio CiampiHead of State1999 CE – 2006 CE
- Giorgio NapolitanoHead of State2006 CE – 2015 CE
- Mario MontiHead of Government2011 CE – 2013 CE
- Enrico LettaHead of Government2013 CE – 2014 CE
- Matteo RenziHead of Government2014 CE – 2016 CE
- Sergio MattarellaHead of State2015 CE –
- Paolo GentiloniHead of Government2016 CE – 2018 CE
- Giuseppe ConteHead of Government2018 CE – 2021 CE
- Mario DraghiHead of Government2021 CE – 2022 CE
- Giorgia MeloniHead of Government2022 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia
- Government type
- parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015); head of government: Prime Minister Giorgia MELONI (since 22 October 2022); the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers;
- Ethnic groups
- Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north, Albanian-Italians, Croat-Italians, and Greek-Italians in the south)
- Natural resources
- coal, antimony, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land
- Economy
- high-income, core EU economy; strong services, manufacturing, and tourism sectors; modest growth supported by net exports, low inflation, and public investments via EU funds; tight labor market with aging workforce and shortages in specialized skills; high public debt levels
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Italian
- Currency
- euro (EUR), Italian lira (ITL)
Memberships
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1949 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · founding member1949 CE –
- 10-member Defense Pact (1948)Military alliance · member1954 CE –
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1955 CE –
- EECEECEconomic bloc · founding member1958 CE –
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · founding member1958 CE –
- G7G7Political union · founding member1975 CE –
- Italy–Malta Entente (1980)Historical alliance · member1980 CE – 1984 CE
- Italy–Russia Entente (1990)Historical alliance · member1990 CE – 1991 CE
- G20G20Political union · founding member1999 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI (2024). Arms Transfers Database (Trend-Indicator Values).
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Italy is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.