Polity · 587 CE – 1946 CE
Kingdom of Italy
Regno d'Italia
- Peak recorded area
- 454,602 km²
- 1943 CE
- Rulers on record
- 415
- from 915 CE
- Data series
- 109
- 594 CE–1945 CE
Overview
The Kingdom of Italy was a unitary state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 18 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June, resulting in the establishment of the modern Italian Republic. The kingdom was established through the unification of several states over a decades-long process, called the Risorgimento.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
60 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 3 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before 1946 CE, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 61 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Social Conflict Events182 obs · 1090 CE–1585 CE | 1events1585 CE · HiSCoD (Historical Social Conflict Database) |
| Population131 obs · 1 CE–1945 CE | 45.4Mpersons1945 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Urban Population130 obs · 1816 CE–1945 CE | 8.8Mpersons1945 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Life Expectancy74 obs · 1872 CE–1945 CE | 54.87years1945 CE · Clio-Infra |
| City Pop Milan39 obs · 800 CE–1925 CE | 917Kpersons1925 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Naples35 obs · 800 CE–1925 CE | 852Kpersons1925 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
Economy
6 of 10 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP636 obs · 1310 CE–1945 CE | 3,697int'l $ (inflation adj.)1945 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita153 obs · 1 CE–1945 CE | 2,8312011 int'l $1945 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Real Wage113 obs · 1820 CE–1939 CE | 14.7index (1500=1)1939 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Total Exports22 obs · 1870 CE–1945 CE | 0million USD (current)1945 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports22 obs · 1870 CE–1945 CE | 0million USD (current)1945 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance22 obs · 1870 CE–1945 CE | 0million USD (current)1945 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 10 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score130 obs · 1816 CE–1945 CE | 0.0128CINC (share of world capability)1945 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption130 obs · 1816 CE–1945 CE | 1.9Mcoal-ton equivalents1945 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production130 obs · 1816 CE–1945 CE | 395Ktons1945 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel129 obs · 1816 CE–1945 CE | 276Kpersons1945 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure GBP98 obs · 1816 CE–1913 CE | 40.4Mcurrent GBP1913 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure32 obs · 1914 CE–1945 CE | 305.4Mcurrent USD1945 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Coal Production46 obs · 1900 CE–1945 CE | 9.77TWh1945 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production46 obs · 1900 CE–1945 CE | 0TWh1945 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production46 obs · 1900 CE–1945 CE | 0.081TWh1945 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Governance
| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Polity285 obs · 1861 CE–1945 CE | 2index (-10 to 10)1945 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Rule Of Law Index85 obs · 1861 CE–1945 CE | 0.528index (0-1)1945 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index84 obs · 1862 CE–1945 CE | 0.134index (0-1)1945 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index84 obs · 1862 CE–1945 CE | 0.12index (0-1)1945 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index84 obs · 1862 CE–1945 CE | 0.052index (0-1)1945 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type46 obs · 1900 CE–1945 CE | 0RoW index (0-3)1945 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 19 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Tech Railway Line Km119 obs · 1825 CE–1945 CE | 18.7Kkm1945 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Freedom Of Expression Index85 obs · 1861 CE–1945 CE | 0.171index (0-1)1945 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Telegraph82 obs · 1861 CE–1945 CE | 18.8count1945 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items81 obs · 1861 CE–1941 CE | 3,657items1941 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage81 obs · 1862 CE–1945 CE | 617gross tons1945 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios70 obs · 1861 CE–1945 CE | 1,646count1945 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
415 on record with dated reigns — the first 200 are listed. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Berengar I of ItalyHoly Roman Emperor915 CE – 924 CE
- Mutius von Tommasinimayor of Trieste1839 CE –
- Giacomo Deliperimayor of Sassari1849 CE – 1852 CE
- Teodoro Bonannimayor of L'Aquila1850 CE – 1853 CE
- Giovanni Maria Sussarellomayor of Sassari1852 CE – 1854 CE
- Giovanni Maria Pisano Marrasmayor of Sassari1854 CE – 1855 CE
- Luigi Vergamayor of Vercelli1855 CE – 1863 CE
- Giuseppe Capriatimayor of Bari1858 CE – 1861 CE
- Michele Iacobuccimayor of L'Aquila1858 CE – 1860 CE
- Carlo Ricotti Magnanimayor of Novara1859 CE – 1869 CE
- Andrea Colonna di Stiglianomayor of Naples1860 CE
- Fabio Cannellamayor of L'Aquila1860 CE – 1865 CE
- Giovanni Battista Camozzi Vertovamayor of Bergamo1860 CE – 1870 CE
- Giovanni Maimayor of Pavia1860 CE
- Giovanni Meloni Baillemayor of Cagliari1860 CE – 1862 CE
- Giovanni Vidarimayor of Pavia1860 CE – 1862 CE
- Simone Manca di Moresmayor of Sassari1860 CE – 1863 CE
- Tartarino Capriolimayor of Brescia1860 CE
- Vincenzo Cavallimayor of Ravenna1860 CE – 1863 CE
- Bettino RicasoliPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1861 CE – 1862 CE
- Camillo Benso di CavourPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1861 CE
- Diogene Valottimayor of Brescia1861 CE – 1862 CE
- Luigi Corsimayor of Savona1861 CE – 1874 CE
- Salesio Balsanomayor of Palermo1861 CE – 1862 CE
- Victor Emmanuel II of ItalyHead of State1861 CE – 1878 CE
- Giovanni Codazzamayor of Pavia1862 CE – 1863 CE
- Luigi Carlo FariniPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1862 CE – 1863 CE
- Mariano Stabilemayor of Palermo1862 CE – 1863 CE
- Matteo Lucianimayor of Salerno1862 CE – 1874 CE
- Urbano RattazziPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1862 CE
- Antonio Starabba di Rudinìmayor of Palermo1863 CE – 1866 CE
- Gaetano Facchimayor of Brescia1863 CE – 1867 CE
- Gioacchino Rasponimayor of Ravenna1863 CE – 1865 CE
- Marco MinghettiPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1863 CE – 1864 CE
- Alfonso La MarmoraPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1864 CE – 1866 CE
- Domenico Spanò Bolanimayor of Reggio Calabria1864 CE – 1865 CE
- Giuseppe Martinazzimayor of Pavia1864 CE – 1866 CE
- Luigi Marchettimayor of Vercelli1864 CE – 1866 CE
- Angelo Del Puntamayor of Pisa1865 CE – 1867 CE
- Bernardo Tolomeimayor of Siena1865 CE – 1866 CE
- Demetrio Del Pretemayor of Lucca1865 CE – 1870 CE
- Domenico Ponticellimayor of Grosseto1865 CE – 1867 CE
- Eugenio Sansonimayor of Livorno1865 CE – 1867 CE
- Francesco Ruschimayor of Vicopisano1865 CE – 1866 CE
- Ignazio Guicciolimayor of Ravenna1865 CE – 1869 CE
- Luigi Guglielmo Cambray-Dignymayor of Florence1865 CE – 1867 CE
- Pietro Morimayor of Arezzo1865 CE – 1870 CE
- Carlo Borgninimayor of Asti1866 CE – 1869 CE
- Domenico Angelimayor of Rovigo1866 CE – 1867 CE
- Gaetano Costantinimayor of Vicenza1866 CE – 1867 CE
- Giuseppe Giacomellimayor of Udine1866 CE – 1867 CE
- Tiberio Sergardimayor of Siena1866 CE – 1868 CE
- Domenico Genoese Zerbimayor of Reggio Calabria1867 CE – 1868 CE
- Gaetano Guastimayor of Prato1867 CE – 1870 CE
- Giovan Battista Formentinimayor of Brescia1867 CE – 1872 CE
- Giovanni Groppleromayor of Udine1867 CE – 1872 CE
- Giulio Camuzzonimayor of Verona1867 CE – 1883 CE
- Luigi Federico MenabreaPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1867 CE – 1869 CE
- Domenico Perannimayor of Palermo1868 CE – 1873 CE
- Giulio Belinzaghimayor of Milan1868 CE – 1884 CE
- Luigi Piovene Porto Godimayor of Vicenza1868 CE – 1874 CE
- Tullio Brugnatellimayor of Pavia1868 CE – 1871 CE
- Cosimo Fabbrimayor of Ravenna1869 CE – 1871 CE
- Giovanni LanzaPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1869 CE – 1873 CE
- Giuseppe Bianchimayor of Pisa1869 CE – 1873 CE
- Ubaldino Peruzzimayor of Florence1869 CE – 1878 CE
- Angelo Ferrimayor of Grosseto1870 CE
- Federigo De Larderelmayor of Livorno1870 CE – 1874 CE
- Giovanni Angelinimayor of Rome1870 CE – 1871 CE
- Luciano Banchimayor of Siena1870 CE – 1871 CE
- Michelangelo Caetanimayor of Rome1870 CE – 1871 CE
- Cesare Giorgettimayor of Lucca1871 CE – 1878 CE
- Domenico Diamantimayor of Frosinone1871 CE – 1875 CE
- Federico Cominimayor of Siena1871 CE – 1872 CE
- Francesco Grispignimayor of Rome1871 CE – 1872 CE
- Francesco Pallavicinimayor of Rome1871 CE – 1873 CE
- Giacomo Porcheramayor of Monza1871 CE – 1875 CE
- Ippolito Andreinimayor of Grosseto1871 CE – 1879 CE
- Adalindo Tanganellimayor of Arezzo1872 CE – 1874 CE
- Antonino di Pramperomayor of Udine1872 CE – 1878 CE
- Giuseppe Brambillamayor of Como1872 CE – 1877 CE
- Giuseppe Salvadego Molinmayor of Brescia1872 CE – 1874 CE
- Giuseppe Troianimayor of Rome1872 CE
- Agostino Barbinimayor of Monte Argentario1873 CE – 1877 CE
- Antonio Luciferomayor of Crotone1873 CE – 1874 CE
- Domenico Mazzimayor of Siena1873 CE – 1877 CE
- Emanuele Notarbartolomayor of Palermo1873 CE – 1876 CE
- Ferdinando ConsolatiPodestà of Trento1873 CE – 1876 CE
- Giacomo Sabarianimayor of Benevento1873 CE
- Mario Rizzarimayor of Pisa1873 CE – 1876 CE
- Nicola Pasellamayor of Sassari1873 CE – 1877 CE
- Angelo Mascagnimayor of Arezzo1874 CE – 1877 CE
- Giuseppe Baccomayor of Vicenza1874 CE
- Nicola Petrosinomayor of Salerno1875 CE – 1876 CE
- Agostino DepretisPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1876 CE – 1878 CE
- Filippo Baglionimayor of Chieti1876 CE – 1878 CE
- Francesco Paolo Perezmayor of Palermo1876 CE – 1878 CE
- Giovanni Battista Bosdarimayor of Ancona1876 CE
- Giuseppe Centolamayor of Salerno1876 CE – 1877 CE
- Raffaele Lucentemayor of Crotone1876 CE – 1881 CE
- Sereno Omarmayor of Novara1876 CE – 1877 CE
- Ugo Lovatelli Dal Cornomayor of Ravenna1876 CE – 1883 CE
- Andrea Giovannettimayor of Livorno1877 CE – 1879 CE
- Bernardo Arnaboldi Gazzanigamayor of Pavia1877 CE – 1881 CE
- Emanuele Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Poggio Suasamayor of Rome1877 CE – 1880 CE
- Giovanni Battista Casalinimayor of Rovigo1877 CE – 1882 CE
- Giuseppe Gattinimayor of Matera1877 CE – 1880 CE
- Luigi Vannuccinimayor of Scansano1877 CE – 1879 CE
- Pietro Venturimayor of Rome1877 CE – 1878 CE
- Tommaso Simonellimayor of Pisa1877 CE – 1884 CE
- Angelo Guillichinimayor of Arezzo1878 CE – 1879 CE
- Benedetto CairoliPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1878 CE
- Gabriele Luigi Pecilemayor of Udine1878 CE – 1883 CE
- Giovanni Raffaelemayor of Palermo1878 CE – 1880 CE
- Giuseppe Palmieri Nutimayor of Siena1878 CE – 1879 CE
- Luigi Cucchimayor of Bergamo1878 CE – 1882 CE
- Umberto I of ItalyHead of State1878 CE – 1900 CE
- Antonino di San Giulianomayor of Catania1879 CE – 1882 CE
- Damaso Bustellimayor of Viterbo1879 CE – 1880 CE
- Fabrizio Plutinomayor of Reggio Calabria1879 CE – 1884 CE
- Guardino Colleonimayor of Vicenza1879 CE – 1882 CE
- Luigi Torniellimayor of Novara1879 CE – 1882 CE
- Ottorino Gieramayor of Livorno1879 CE – 1881 CE
- Antonio Barbierimayor of Brescia1880 CE – 1882 CE
- Augusto Armellinimayor of Rome1880 CE – 1881 CE
- Ippolito Lucianimayor of Grosseto1880 CE – 1886 CE
- Luigi Contarinimayor of Agrigento1880 CE – 1882 CE
- Niccolò Turrisi Colonnamayor of Palermo1880 CE – 1882 CE
- Luigi Berlingerimayor of Crotone1881 CE – 1887 CE
- Antonio Luigi Aremayor of Nuoro1882 CE
- Ettore Nuccimayor of Arezzo1882 CE – 1883 CE
- Pietro Delle Favaremayor of Palermo1882 CE – 1885 CE
- Alessandro Arborio Mellamayor of Sassari1883 CE – 1884 CE
- Ernesto Cianciolomayor of Messina1883 CE – 1886 CE
- Giuseppe Bonardimayor of Brescia1883 CE – 1884 CE
- Luigi De Puppimayor of Udine1883 CE – 1889 CE
- Piero Torrigianimayor of Scandicci1883 CE – 1886 CE
- Pietro Gambamayor of Ravenna1883 CE – 1886 CE
- Achille Puccimayor of Lucca1884 CE – 1888 CE
- Alessandro Fabbrimayor of Terni1884 CE – 1885 CE
- Gianforte Suardimayor of Bergamo1884 CE – 1890 CE
- Leopoldo Peveradamayor of Pisa1884 CE – 1889 CE
- Olinto Fernandezmayor of Livorno1884 CE – 1885 CE
- Raffaele De Nobilimayor of La Spezia1884 CE
- Fortunato Vergara di Cracomayor of Palermo1885 CE
- Giulio Benso Sammartinomayor of Palermo1885 CE – 1886 CE
- Raffaele Garziamayor of Sassari1885 CE – 1886 CE
- Gaetano Mariottimayor of Sassari1886 CE – 1888 CE
- Giacomo Natolimayor of Messina1886 CE – 1887 CE
- Leopoldo Torlonia, 3rd Duke of Poli and Guadagnolomayor of Rome1886 CE – 1887 CE
- Luigi Piancianimayor of Rome1886 CE – 1887 CE
- Niccola Costellamayor of Livorno1886 CE – 1893 CE
- Ugo Burnazzimayor of Ravenna1886 CE – 1889 CE
- Francesco CrispiPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1887 CE – 1891 CE
- Alessandro Guicciolimayor of Rome1888 CE – 1889 CE
- Aristodemo Ficalbimayor of Siena1888 CE – 1889 CE
- Benedetto Ponticellimayor of Grosseto1888 CE – 1891 CE
- Erasmo Marimayor of Ascoli Piceno1888 CE – 1892 CE
- Agostino Renzi Tessarimayor of Verona1889 CE – 1891 CE
- Amos Berninimayor of Rovigo1889 CE – 1898 CE
- Angiolo Nardi Deimayor of Pisa1889 CE – 1895 CE
- Elio Morpurgomayor of Udine1889 CE – 1894 CE
- Emilio Franchi Maggimayor of Pavia1889 CE – 1890 CE
- Enrico Del Carlomayor of Lucca1889 CE – 1896 CE
- Fermo Roccamayor of Mantua1889 CE – 1892 CE
- Giovanni Battista Paitamayor of La Spezia1889 CE – 1890 CE
- Luigi Bosattamayor of Sondrio1889 CE – 1890 CE
- Luigi Valenti Serinimayor of Siena1889 CE – 1891 CE
- Mario Alessimayor of Agrigento1889 CE – 1891 CE
- Pietro Fotimayor of Reggio Calabria1889 CE – 1891 CE
- Tullo Corradini Ginannimayor of Ravenna1889 CE – 1892 CE
- Vittorio Valeripresident of the Province of Grosseto1889 CE – 1904 CE
- Emanuele Paternòmayor of Palermo1890 CE – 1892 CE
- Giovanni Finardimayor of Bergamo1890 CE – 1892 CE
- Riccardo Sculcomayor of Crotone1890 CE – 1892 CE
- Silvio Pelleranomayor of Massa1890 CE – 1892 CE
- Antonio Starabba di RudinìPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1891 CE – 1892 CE
- Giovanni Pizzettimayor of Grosseto1891 CE – 1894 CE
- Onorato Caetani di Sermonetamayor of Rome1891 CE – 1892 CE
- Carlo Turanomayor of Crotone1892 CE – 1895 CE
- Enea Corbettamayor of Monza1892 CE – 1895 CE
- Giovanni GiolittiPrime Minister of the Kingdom of Italy1892 CE – 1893 CE
- Giuseppe Luigi Mallianimayor of Bergamo1892 CE
- Remigio Bartalinimayor of Siena1892 CE – 1893 CE
- Arturo Vecchinimayor of Ancona1893 CE – 1895 CE
- Carlo Bellimayor of Pavia1893 CE – 1898 CE
- Domenico Ridolamayor of Matera1893 CE – 1899 CE
- Enrico Crocinimayor of Siena1893 CE – 1896 CE
- Eugenio Oliverimayor of Palermo1893 CE – 1895 CE
- Gerolamo Ledàmayor of Sassari1893 CE – 1895 CE
- Guglielmo Durantimayor of Arezzo1893 CE – 1900 CE
- Luigi Liguorimayor of Salerno1893 CE – 1895 CE
- Giuseppe Pinnamayor of Nuoro1894 CE – 1895 CE
- Giuseppe Re Davidmayor of Bari1894 CE – 1898 CE
- Piero Donninimayor of Livorno1894 CE
- Piero Luccamayor of Vercelli1894 CE – 1897 CE
- Andrea Botturimayor of Mantua1895 CE – 1899 CE
- Andrea De Leomayor of Salerno1895 CE – 1903 CE
- Antonio Di Trentomayor of Udine1895 CE – 1899 CE
- Carlo Ponticellimayor of Grosseto1895 CE – 1902 CE
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Italian
- Currency
- Italian lira (ITL)
Memberships
- Austria-Hungary–Italy Defense Pact (1831)Military alliance · member1831 CE – 1848 CE
- Italy–Two Sicilies Defense Pact (1833)Military alliance · member1833 CE – 1848 CE
- United Kingdom–France–Italy Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1855 CE – 1856 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1854)Military alliance · member1855 CE – 1856 CE
- France–Italy Defense Pact (1859)Military alliance · member1859 CE – 1859 CE
- France–Italy Non-Aggression Pact (1864)Historical alliance · member1864 CE – 1870 CE
- Germany–Italy Defense Pact (1866)Military alliance · member1866 CE – 1866 CE
- Triple AllianceHistorical alliance · founding member1882 CE – 1915 CE
- Germany–Austria-Hungary–Italy Defense Pact (1882)Military alliance · member1882 CE – 1915 CE
- 4-member Non-Aggression Pact (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1895 CE
- United Kingdom–Austria-Hungary–Italy Entente (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1897 CE
- United Kingdom–Austria-Hungary–Italy Entente (1887)Historical alliance · member1887 CE – 1897 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1883)Military alliance · member1888 CE – 1915 CE
- France–Italy Non-Aggression Pact (1902)Historical alliance · member1902 CE – 1918 CE
- Italy–Russia Entente (1909)Historical alliance · member1909 CE – 1917 CE
- 4-member Defense Pact (1915)Military alliance · member1915 CE – 1918 CE
- 5-member Defense Pact (1916)Military alliance · member1916 CE – 1918 CE
- Italy–Yugoslavia Non-Aggression Pact (1924)Historical alliance · member1924 CE – 1929 CE
- Czechoslovakia–Italy Entente (1924)Historical alliance · member1924 CE – 1929 CE
- 5-member Defense Pact (1925)Military alliance · member1925 CE – 1936 CE
- Spain–Italy Non-Aggression Pact (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1936 CE
- Italy–Albania Entente (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1927 CE
- Italy–Romania Entente (1926)Historical alliance · member1926 CE – 1932 CE
- Italy–Albania Defense Pact (1927)Military alliance · member1927 CE – 1939 CE
- Italy–Greece Non-Aggression Pact (1928)Historical alliance · member1928 CE – 1935 CE
- Italy–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1928)Historical alliance · member1928 CE – 1935 CE
- Italy–Ethiopia Non-Aggression Pact (1928)Historical alliance · member1928 CE – 1935 CE
- Italy–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1933)Historical alliance · member1933 CE – 1941 CE
- Austria–Hungary–Italy Entente (1934)Historical alliance · member1934 CE – 1938 CE
- France–Italy Entente (1935)Historical alliance · member1935 CE – 1935 CE
- 5-member Non-Aggression Pact (1936)Historical alliance · member1937 CE – 1939 CE
- Italy–Yugoslavia Non-Aggression Pact (1937)Historical alliance · member1937 CE – 1941 CE
- Germany–Italy Defense Pact (1939)Military alliance · member1939 CE – 1943 CE
- 6-member Defense Pact (1940)Military alliance · member1940 CE – 1941 CE
- Axis PowersHistorical alliance · founding member1940 CE – 1943 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban PopulationChandler 1987 / Modelski 2003
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth; Modelski, G. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000.
Compiled from published works (Chandler 1987; Modelski 2003)
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
HiSCoD (Historical Social Conflict Database)2021
Chevalier, J. et al. HiSCoD: Historical Social Conflict Database. Université de Rennes.
Academic use, attribution
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
Kingdom of Italy is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.