Polity · 1976 CE – present
Portugal
República Portuguesa
- Peak recorded area
- 97,109 km²
- 1976 CE
- Rulers on record
- 7
- from 1986 CE
- Data series
- 425
- 1976 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. It is a unitary republic made up by mainland Portugal and two autonomous regions, with Lisbon as both its capital and largest city. It has a total population of over 10.7 million. The mainland borders Spain to the north and east, with Madeira and the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. It features the westernmost point in continental Europe.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
3 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 59 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population214 obs · 1951 CE–2025 CE | 10.4Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy164 obs · 1951 CE–2025 CE | 82.72years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration140 obs · 1951 CE–2025 CE | 16.5Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth140 obs · 1951 CE–2025 CE | -0.156% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female139 obs · 1951 CE–2025 CE | 85.37years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male139 obs · 1951 CE–2025 CE | 79.89years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 155 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP Current Usd111 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 346.6Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita72 obs · 1951 CE–2022 CE | 29K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP69 obs · 1951 CE–2019 CE | 27.9Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| Inflation66 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 2.34% annual2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Barley Area Harvested64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 11.5Kha2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Barley Production64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 45.8Ktonnes2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
Military
6 of 59 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score66 obs · 1951 CE–2016 CE | 0.0016CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption66 obs · 1951 CE–2016 CE | 40.1Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production66 obs · 1951 CE–2016 CE | 2Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure66 obs · 1951 CE–2016 CE | 2.2Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP66 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 2% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| Military Personnel66 obs · 1951 CE–2016 CE | 33Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 64 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 10.12% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 36.16% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production66 obs · 1951 CE–2016 CE | 0TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 43.34%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land per capita Ha63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.0877hectares per person2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 4Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 26 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index74 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 0.831index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index74 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 0.751index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index74 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 0.56index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type74 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index74 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 0.911index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity262 obs · 1951 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 62 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index74 obs · 1951 CE–2024 CE | 0.893index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Physicians Per 100053 obs · 1960 CE–2022 CE | 5.85per_10002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10052 obs · 1960 CE–2023 CE | 123per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tech Electricity Production51 obs · 1951 CE–2001 CE | 46.2BGWh2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km50 obs · 1951 CE–2000 CE | 2,850km2000 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Newspaper Circulation49 obs · 1951 CE–1999 CE | 992.7Kcirculation1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
7 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Mário SoaresHead of State1986 CE – 1996 CE
- Jorge SampaioHead of State1996 CE – 2006 CE
- Aníbal Cavaco SilvaHead of State2006 CE – 2016 CE
- Pedro Passos CoelhoHead of Government2011 CE – 2015 CE
- Marcelo Rebelo de SousaHead of State2016 CE – 2026 CE
- Luís MontenegroHead of Government2024 CE –
- António José SeguroHead of State2026 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain
- Government type
- semi-presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Marcelo REBELO DE SOUSA (since 9 March 2016); head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Luis MONTENEGRO (since 2 April 2024); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister;
- Ethnic groups
- Portuguese 95%; citizens from Portugal’s former colonies in Africa, Asia (Han Chinese), and South America (Brazilian) and other foreign born 5%
- Natural resources
- fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver, gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower
- Economy
- high-income EU and eurozone economy; strong services sector led by tourism and banking; tight labor market; growth driven by private consumption, trade surplus, and public investment from EU funds; declining public debt
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Mirandese, Portuguese
- Currency
- Portuguese escudo (PTE), euro (EUR)
Memberships
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · founding member1949 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1949 CE –
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1955 CE –
- EFTAEFTAEconomic bloc · founding member1960 CE – 1986 CE
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · member1986 CE –
- EECEECEconomic bloc · member1986 CE – 1993 CE
- 10-member Defense Pact (1948)Military alliance · member1988 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0