Polity · 1822 CE – 1889 CE
Empire of Brazil
Império do Brasil
- Peak recorded area
- 8,506,140 km²
- 1870 CE
- Rulers on record
- 4
- from 1822 CE
- Data series
- 51
- 1822 CE–1889 CE
Overview
The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and Uruguay until the latter achieved independence in 1828. The empire's government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Pedro I and his son Pedro II.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
15 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 3 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before 1889 CE, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 13 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population68 obs · 1822 CE–1889 CE | 13.9Mpersons1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Urban Population68 obs · 1822 CE–1889 CE | 941Kpersons1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| City Pop Salvador11 obs · 1650 CE–1872 CE | 129.1Kpersons1872 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Recife9 obs · 1635 CE–1872 CE | 116.7Kpersons1872 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| City Pop Rio De Janeiro9 obs · 1700 CE–1875 CE | 274Kpersons1875 CE · Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban Population |
| Height Men8 obs · 1810 CE–1880 CE | 166.1cm1880 CE · Clio-Infra |
Economy
6 of 14 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP70 obs · 1820 CE–1889 CE | 901int'l $ (inflation adj.)1889 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita42 obs · 1800 CE–1889 CE | 9912011 int'l $1889 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Total Exports20 obs · 1870 CE–1889 CE | 143.02million USD (current)1889 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports20 obs · 1870 CE–1889 CE | 121.79million USD (current)1889 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance20 obs · 1870 CE–1889 CE | 21.23million USD (current)1889 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness20 obs · 1870 CE–1889 CE | 264.8million USD (current)1889 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 8 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score68 obs · 1822 CE–1889 CE | 0.009CINC (share of world capability)1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption64 obs · 1826 CE–1889 CE | 462Kcoal-ton equivalents1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production64 obs · 1826 CE–1889 CE | 0tons1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel64 obs · 1826 CE–1889 CE | 22Kpersons1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure GBP51 obs · 1832 CE–1889 CE | 3Mcurrent GBP1889 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Battle Count2 obs · 1826 CE–1869 CE | 1battles1869 CE · Historical Conflict Events Dataset (HCED v3) |
Governance
6 of 7 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Rule Of Law Index101 obs · 1789 CE–1889 CE | 0.312index (0-1)1889 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index99 obs · 1789 CE–1889 CE | 0.181index (0-1)1889 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index99 obs · 1789 CE–1889 CE | 0.131index (0-1)1889 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index99 obs · 1789 CE–1889 CE | 0.135index (0-1)1889 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity266 obs · 1824 CE–1889 CE | -3index (-10 to 10)1889 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Jurisdictional Hierarchy2 obs · 1850 CE–1880 CE | 1ordinal1880 CE · D-PLACE Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock) |
Development
6 of 9 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index101 obs · 1789 CE–1889 CE | 0.695index (0-1)1889 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Radios68 obs · 1822 CE–1889 CE | 0count1889 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items47 obs · 1840 CE–1889 CE | 9items1889 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km45 obs · 1845 CE–1889 CE | 9,583km1889 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph38 obs · 1840 CE–1889 CE | 0.6count1889 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Numeracy11 obs · 1770 CE–1880 CE | 86.09ABCC index1880 CE · Clio-Infra |
Rulers
4 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Pedro I of BrazilEmperor of Brazil1822 CE – 1831 CE
- John VI of PortugalEmperor of Brazil1825 CE – 1826 CE
- Pedro II of BrazilEmperor of Brazil1831 CE – 1889 CE
- Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of CaxiasPresident of the Brazilian Council of Ministers1856 CE – 1857 CE
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Portuguese
- Currency
- Brazilian réis
Memberships
- Brazil–Argentina Defense Pact (1859)Military alliance · member1859 CE – 1864 CE
- Brazil–Argentina–Uruguay Defense Pact (1865)Military alliance · member1865 CE – 1882 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Chandler/Modelski Historical Urban PopulationChandler 1987 / Modelski 2003
Chandler, T. (1987). Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth; Modelski, G. (2003). World Cities: -3000 to 2000.
Compiled from published works (Chandler 1987; Modelski 2003)
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
D-PLACE Ethnographic Atlas (Murdock)Ethnographic Atlas (D-PLACE 2.3)
Kirby, K.R. et al. (2016). D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity. PLoS ONE 11(7).
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Historical Conflict Events Dataset (HCED v3)v3
Brecke, P. Conflict Catalog (Historical Conflict Events Dataset), digitized v3.
Academic use, attribution
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
Empire of Brazil is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.