Polity · 1992 CE – present
Turkmenistan
Türkmenistan · Türkmenistan Respublikasi
- Peak recorded area
- 467,932 km²
- 1992 CE
- Rulers on record
- 6
- from 2001 CE
- Data series
- 362
- 1992 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan to the north, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea to the west. It is one of six independent Turkic states. Ashgabat is the capital and largest city.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
2 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 58 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 7.6Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 70.33years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 13.3Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 1.59% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 73.17years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 67.13years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 135 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 21Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd72 obs · 1987 CE–2025 CE | 49.8Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita44 obs · 1973 CE–2022 CE | 17.2K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Energy per capita40 obs · 1985 CE–2024 CE | 49.5KkWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Fossil Fuel Consumption40 obs · 1985 CE–2024 CE | 371.14TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Nuclear Electricity40 obs · 1985 CE–2024 CE | 0TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Military
6 of 40 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Armed Forces Personnel29 obs · 1992 CE–2020 CE | 57Kpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| CINC Score26 obs · 1991 CE–2016 CE | 0.0011CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production26 obs · 1991 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 50Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 37Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Mil Equip Air Defence Surface To Air Missiles23 obs · 1992 CE–2014 CE | 173count2014 CE · rDMC Military Capabilities v1.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 56 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 3.39% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 8.78% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 491.2Ksq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 81.41mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 10.86t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Methane Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 27.17mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
Governance
6 of 26 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Legislature Total Seats49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 125seats2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Government Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 103count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Opposition Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 22count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Opposition Vote Share39 obs · 1975 CE–2013 CE | 0percent2013 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Rule Of Law Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.069index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index34 obs · 1991 CE–2024 CE | 0.149index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 47 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10049 obs · 1960 CE–2021 CE | 88.19per_1002021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Who Skilled Birth Attendance39 obs · 1985 CE–2023 CE | 4.52%2023 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
| Physicians Per 100038 obs · 1980 CE–2023 CE | 1.93per_10002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Hospital Beds Per 100036 obs · 1980 CE–2021 CE | 3.6per_10002021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Freedom Of Expression Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.044index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Who Health Workers Density35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 18.98per_100002024 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
Rulers
6 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Gurbanguly BerdimuhamedowVice President of Turkmenistan2001 CE – 2007 CE
- Saparmurat NiyazovHead of State2005 CE – 2006 CE
- Gurbanguly BerdimuhamedowPresident of Turkmenistan2007 CE – 2022 CE
- Raşit MeredowVice President of Turkmenistan2007 CE –
- Serdar BerdimuhamedowHead of Government2022 CE –
- Serdar BerdimuhamedowHead of State2022 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
- Government type
- presidential republic; authoritarian
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022); head of government: President Serdar BERDIMUHAMEDOV (since 19 March 2022); cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president;
- Ethnic groups
- Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003 est.)
- Natural resources
- petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
- Economy
- upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; houses fourth-largest natural gas reserves and rich in natural resources; authoritarian and dominated by state-owned enterprises; challenges include overvalued currency, high inflation risks, lack of economic diversification due to heavy state control and bureaucracy
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Turkmen
- Currency
- Turkmenistani manat (TMM)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Turkmenistan Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE – 2002 CE
- 12-member Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1995 CE –
- Russia–Turkmenistan Non-Aggression Pact (2002)Historical alliance · member2002 CE –
- 7-member Non-Aggression Pact (2002)Historical alliance · member2002 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CIA World Factbook 2024
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
rDMC Military Capabilities v1.0v1.0
Reconstructed Data on Military Capabilities (rDMC), v1.0. Harvard Dataverse.
Academic use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
WHO Global Health Observatory2024
World Health Organization (2024). Global Health Observatory data repository.
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Turkmenistan is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.