Polity · 1992 CE – present
Russian Federation
Россия · Российская Федерация · Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
Also recorded as Russia
- Peak recorded area
- 16,948,100 km²
- 2014 CE
- Rulers on record
- 17
- from 1991 CE
- Data series
- 579
- 1992 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world, spanning eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. With a population of over 140 million, Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with sixteen of its urban areas having more than 1 million inhabitants.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
6 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 119 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 144Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy163 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 73.52years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -251.8Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -0.608% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 79.32years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 67.69years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 149 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita163 obs · 1860 CE–2022 CE | 25.4K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP Current Usd72 obs · 1988 CE–2025 CE | 2.6Tcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agriculture % GDP37 obs · 1989 CE–2025 CE | 3.06% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Gross Capital Formation % GDP37 obs · 1988 CE–2024 CE | 26.3%_gdp2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Industry % GDP37 obs · 1989 CE–2025 CE | 29.67% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Services % GDP37 obs · 1989 CE–2025 CE | 58.88% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Military
6 of 85 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP67 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 7.05% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure Usd37 obs · 1987 CE–2024 CE | 149Bcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 150.5Kmillions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Nuclear Warhead Stockpile33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 4,380count2024 CE · FAS Nuclear Notebook (via OWID) |
| Military Expenditure per capita32 obs · 1993 CE–2024 CE | 1,025.9usd_current2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Armed Forces Personnel29 obs · 1992 CE–2020 CE | 1.5Mpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Territory & resources
6 of 141 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 7.43% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 49.78% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 17.1Msq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 2,009.15mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 14t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Methane Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 416.94mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.172index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.056index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.121index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 1RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.119index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Checks And Balances32 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 1count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
Development
6 of 57 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10052 obs · 1960 CE–2023 CE | 180.84per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Hospital Beds Per 100039 obs · 1985 CE–2023 CE | 6.81per_10002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Physicians Per 100038 obs · 1985 CE–2022 CE | 5.11per_10002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Rural %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Urban %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
17 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Boris YeltsinHead of Government1991 CE – 1992 CE
- Boris YeltsinHead of State1991 CE – 1999 CE
- Egor GajdarHead of Government1992 CE
- Victor ChernomyrdinHead of Government1992 CE – 1998 CE
- Evgeny PrimakovHead of Government1998 CE – 1999 CE
- Sergei KirienkoHead of Government1998 CE
- Sergei StepashinHead of Government1999 CE
- Vladimir PutinHead of Government1999 CE – 2000 CE
- Mikhail KasianovHead of Government2000 CE – 2004 CE
- Vladimir PutinHead of State2000 CE – 2008 CE
- Michail FradkovHead of Government2004 CE – 2007 CE
- Victor KhristenkoHead of Government2004 CE
- Viktor ZubkovHead of Government2007 CE – 2008 CE
- Dmitry MedvedevHead of State2008 CE – 2012 CE
- Dmitry MedvedevHead of Government2012 CE – 2020 CE
- Vladimir PutinPresident2012 CE –
- Mikhail MishustinHead of Government2020 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- North Asia bordering the Arctic Ocean, extending from Eastern Europe (the portion west of the Urals) to the North Pacific Ocean
- Government type
- semi-presidential federation
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012); head of government: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020); cabinet: the government is composed of the premier, his deputies, and ministers, all appointed by the president; the premier is also confirmed by the Duma;
- Ethnic groups
- Russian 77.7%, Tatar 3.7%, Ukrainian 1.4%, Bashkir 1.1%, Chuvash 1%, Chechen 1%, other 10.2%, unspecified 3.9% (2010 est.)
- Natural resources
- wide natural-resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, bauxite, reserves of rare earth elements, timber
- Economy
- natural resource-rich Eurasian economy; leading energy exporter to Europe and Asia; decreased oil export reliance; endemic corruption, Ukrainian invasion, and lack of green infrastructure limit investment and have led to sanctions
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Russian
- Currency
- Russian rubles (RUB)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- Canada–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Uzbekistan Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Kyrgyzstan Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE –
- Bulgaria–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Turkmenistan Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE – 2002 CE
- Russia–Finland Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- France–Russia Entente (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- 9-member Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE –
- Poland–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Kazakhstan Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Tajikistan Defense Pact (1993)Military alliance · member1993 CE –
- 12-member Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1995 CE –
- 6-member Non-Aggression Pact (1996)Historical alliance · member1996 CE –
- G7G7Political union · member1997 CE – 2014 CE
- Russia–Belarus Defense Pact (1997)Military alliance · member1997 CE –
- G20G20Political union · founding member1999 CE –
- Russia–Mongolia Non-Aggression Pact (1993)Historical alliance · member2000 CE –
- Russia–North Korea Entente (2000)Historical alliance · member2000 CE –
- CSTOCSTOMilitary alliance · founding member2002 CE –
- Russia–Turkmenistan Non-Aggression Pact (2002)Historical alliance · member2002 CE –
- Russia–Georgia Non-Aggression Pact (2004)Historical alliance · member2004 CE – 2008 CE
- Russia–Uzbekistan Defense Pact (2005)Military alliance · member2005 CE –
- Russia–Belarus Defense Pact (2009)Military alliance · member2009 CE –
- BRICSBRICSEconomic bloc · founding member2009 CE –
- Russia–Armenia Defense Pact (2010)Military alliance · member2010 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CIA World Factbook 2024
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
FAS Nuclear Notebook (via OWID)2024
Kristensen, H.M. et al., Federation of American Scientists Nuclear Notebook, via Our World in Data (2024).
CC BY 4.0 (OWID); underlying FAS data
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Russian Federation is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.