Polity · 1990 CE – present
Romania
România
- Peak recorded area
- 238,172 km²
- 1990 CE
- Rulers on record
- 44
- from 1930 CE
- Data series
- 410
- 1990 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Romania is a country in Southeast and Central Europe. It lies on the lower course of the Danube, north of the Balkan Peninsula, and on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to the east, and the Black Sea to the southeast.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
3 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 55 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population136 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 18.9Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy125 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 76.25years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth101 obs · 1961 CE–2025 CE | -0.568% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration71 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | -29Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female70 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 79.82years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male70 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 72.74years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 145 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP Current Usd75 obs · 1987 CE–2025 CE | 428.7Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agriculture % GDP36 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 3% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Current Account % GDP36 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | -7.95% of GDP2025 CE · IMF World Economic Outlook |
| Current Account Usd36 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | -34Bcurrent US$2025 CE · IMF World Economic Outlook |
| Electricity Generation36 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 49.81TWh2025 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| GDP Real Growth36 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 0.6649% annual2025 CE · IMF World Economic Outlook |
Military
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP81 obs · 1980 CE–2025 CE | 2.3% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| Military Expenditure Usd65 obs · 1960 CE–2024 CE | 8.7Bcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 8,065.75millions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure per capita35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 457.09usd_current2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Arms Imports Tiv Million34 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 320tiv_million2024 CE · SIPRI Arms Transfers TIV |
| Armed Forces Personnel33 obs · 1985 CE–2020 CE | 128Kpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Territory & resources
6 of 65 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %97 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 36.54% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 30.12% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 238.4Ksq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Water Stress Level %53 obs · 1970 CE–2022 CE | 7.63%2022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Water Withdrawal Agriculture %53 obs · 1970 CE–2022 CE | 36.25%2022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Water Withdrawal Domestic %53 obs · 1970 CE–2022 CE | 15.41%2022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.629index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.445index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.423index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.642index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Checks And Balances34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 4count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
Development
6 of 57 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Patent Applications42 obs · 1980 CE–2021 CE | 772applications2021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Dpt Immunization %35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 79%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Freedom Of Expression Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.728index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Measles Immunization %35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 78%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Rural %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
44 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Carol II of RomaniaHead of State1930 CE – 1940 CE
- Ion GigurtuHead of Government1940 CE
- Constantin SănătescuHead of Government1944 CE
- Nicolae RădescuHead of Government1944 CE – 1945 CE
- Petru GrozaHead of Government1945 CE – 1952 CE
- Constantin Ion ParhonHead of State1947 CE – 1952 CE
- Gheorghe Gheorghiu-DejHead of Government1952 CE – 1955 CE
- Petru GrozaHead of State1952 CE – 1958 CE
- Chivu StoicaHead of Government1955 CE – 1961 CE
- Ion Gheorghe MaurerHead of State1958 CE – 1961 CE
- Gheorghe Gheorghiu-DejHead of State1961 CE – 1965 CE
- Ion Gheorghe MaurerHead of Government1961 CE – 1974 CE
- Chivu StoicaHead of State1965 CE – 1967 CE
- Nicolae CeaușescuHead of State1967 CE – 1974 CE
- Manea MănescuHead of Government1974 CE – 1979 CE
- Ilie VerdețHead of Government1979 CE – 1982 CE
- Constantin DăscălescuHead of Government1982 CE – 1989 CE
- Petre RomanHead of Government1989 CE – 1991 CE
- Ion IliescuHead of State1990 CE – 1996 CE
- Theodor StolojanHead of Government1991 CE – 1992 CE
- Nicolae VăcăroiuHead of Government1992 CE – 1996 CE
- Emil ConstantinescuHead of State1996 CE – 2000 CE
- Victor CiorbeaHead of Government1996 CE – 1998 CE
- Radu VasileHead of Government1998 CE – 1999 CE
- Mugur IsărescuHead of Government1999 CE – 2000 CE
- Adrian NăstaseHead of Government2000 CE – 2004 CE
- Călin Popescu-TăriceanuHead of Government2004 CE – 2008 CE
- Traian BăsescuHead of State2004 CE – 2014 CE
- Emil BocHead of Government2008 CE – 2012 CE
- Mihai Răzvan UngureanuHead of Government2012 CE
- Victor PontaHead of Government2012 CE – 2015 CE
- Klaus IohannisHead of State2014 CE – 2025 CE
- Dacian CioloșHead of Government2015 CE – 2017 CE
- Mihai TudoseHead of Government2017 CE – 2018 CE
- Sorin GrindeanuHead of Government2017 CE
- Viorica DăncilăHead of Government2018 CE – 2019 CE
- Ludovic OrbanHead of Government2019 CE – 2020 CE
- Florin CîțuHead of Government2020 CE – 2021 CE
- Nicolae CiucăHead of Government2021 CE – 2023 CE
- Marcel CiolacuHead of Government2023 CE – 2025 CE
- Cătălin PredoiuHead of Government2025 CE
- Ilie BolojanHead of State2025 CE
- Ilie BolojanHead of Government2025 CE –
- Nicușor DanHead of State2025 CE –
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Romanian
- Currency
- lei (RON)
Memberships
- Axis PowersHistorical alliance · member1940 CE – 1944 CE
- Warsaw PactWPMilitary alliance · founding member1955 CE – 1991 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1955 CE –
- Greece–Romania Non-Aggression Pact (1991)Historical alliance · member1991 CE –
- Romania–Turkey Non-Aggression Pact (1991)Historical alliance · member1991 CE –
- Bulgaria–Romania Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- Slovakia–Romania Non-Aggression Pact (1993)Historical alliance · member1993 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · member2004 CE –
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · member2007 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
IMF World Economic Outlook9.0.0
International Monetary Fund. World Economic Outlook (WEO). https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.RES:WEO
© IMF, https://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI (2024). Arms Transfers Database (Trend-Indicator Values).
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0