Polity · 1956 CE – present
Republic of the Sudan
جمهورية السودان · Land of the blacks · السودان
Also recorded as Sudan
- Peak recorded area
- 2,477,370 km²
- 1992 CE
- Rulers on record
- 24
- from 1969 CE
- Data series
- 398
- 1956 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the southeast, and South Sudan to the south. Sudan has a population of 51.8 million people as of 2025 and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometres, making it Africa's third-largest country by area. Sudan's capital and most populous city is Khartoum.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
7 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 7 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 59 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population222 obs · 1 CE–2025 CE | 51.7Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 66.7years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 291.5Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 3.15% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 70.02years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 63.61years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 148 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP200 obs · 1820 CE–2019 CE | 3,794int'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd106 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 60.2Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita73 obs · 1950 CE–2022 CE | 2,405.272011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Agriculture % GDP66 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 29.36% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Asses Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 7.7Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Camels Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 4.8Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
Military
6 of 49 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP116 obs · 1956 CE–2021 CE | 0.9254% of GDP2021 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd65 obs · 1951 CE–2021 CE | 976.88millions_usd_20232021 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Arms Imports Tiv Million61 obs · 1957 CE–2024 CE | 50tiv_million2024 CE · SIPRI Arms Transfers TIV |
| CINC Score61 obs · 1956 CE–2016 CE | 0.0044CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption61 obs · 1956 CE–2016 CE | 24.1Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production61 obs · 1956 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 61 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 112.7Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Arable Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 21Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Country Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 187.8Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Cropland63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 21.2Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Land Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 186.8Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Land Equipped Irrigation63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 1.9Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.135index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.038index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.09index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.119index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Checks And Balances49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 1count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
Development
6 of 53 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.249index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km93 obs · 1906 CE–1998 CE | 4,756km1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Freight Tkm77 obs · 1913 CE–1993 CE | 2,240tonne-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Commercial Vehicles54 obs · 1930 CE–1993 CE | 26count1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars54 obs · 1930 CE–1993 CE | 211Kcount1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10051 obs · 1960 CE–2022 CE | 70.21per_1002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
24 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Babiker AwadallaPrime Minister of Sudan1969 CE
- Omar al-BashirHead of State1989 CE – 2019 CE
- Omar al-BashirPrime Minister of Sudan1993 CE – 2002 CE
- George Kongor AropVice President of Sudan1995 CE – 2000 CE
- Ali Osman TahaVice President of Sudan1998 CE – 2005 CE
- Moses Kacoul MacharVice President of Sudan2001 CE – 2005 CE
- John GarangVice President of Sudan2005 CE
- Riek MacharVice-President of Southern Sudan2005 CE – 2011 CE
- Salva Kiir MayarditVice-President of Southern Sudan2005 CE
- Alhaj Adam YousefVice President of Sudan2011 CE – 2013 CE
- Bakri Hassan SalehVice President of Sudan2013 CE – 2019 CE
- Hassabu Mohamed AbdalrahmanVice President of Sudan2013 CE – 2018 CE
- Bakri Hassan SalehHead of Government2017 CE – 2018 CE
- Motazz MoussaHead of Government2018 CE – 2019 CE
- Osman KebirVice President of Sudan2018 CE – 2019 CE
- Abdalla HamdokHead of Government2019 CE –
- Abdel Fattah al-BurhanHead of State2019 CE –
- Ahmed Awad Ibn AufHead of State2019 CE
- Ahmed Awad Ibn AufVice President of Sudan2019 CE
- HemedtiDeputy Chairman of the Transitional Military Council2019 CE
- Kamal AbdelmaroufDeputy Chairman of the Transitional Military Council2019 CE
- Mohamed Tahir AyalaHead of Government2019 CE
- Osman HusseinPrime Minister of Sudan2022 CE –
- Kamil IdrisPrime Minister of Sudan2025 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- north-eastern Africa, bordering the Red Sea, between Egypt and Eritrea
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fattah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman (since 11 November 2021); head of government: Sovereign Council Chair and Commander-in-Chief of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Abd-al-Fattah al-BURHAN Abd-al-Rahman (since 11 November 2021);
- Ethnic groups
- Sudanese Arab (approximately 70%), Fur, Beja, Nuba, Ingessana, Uduk, Fallata, Masalit, Dajo, Gimir, Tunjur, Berti; there are over 500 ethnic groups
- Natural resources
- petroleum; small reserves of iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica, silver, gold; hydropower
- Economy
- low-income Sahel economy devastated by ongoing civil war; major impacts on rural income, basic commodity prices, industrial production, agricultural supply chain, communications and commerce; hyperinflation and currency depreciation worsening food access and humanitarian conditions
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Arabic, Arabic, English, English
- Currency
- Sudanese pounds (SDG), Sudanese pound (SDG), Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Memberships
- 23-member Entente (1945)Historical alliance · member1955 CE –
- Arab LeagueALInternational organisation · member1956 CE –
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1956 CE –
- 21-member Defense Pact (1950)Military alliance · member1964 CE –
- Uganda–Sudan Defense Pact (1972)Military alliance · member1972 CE – 1979 CE
- Sudan–Egypt Defense Pact (1976)Military alliance · member1976 CE – 1989 CE
- African UnionAUInternational organisation · founding member2002 CE –
- 11-member Defense Pact (2006)Military alliance · member2006 CE –
- Chad–Sudan Non-Aggression Pact (2008)Historical alliance · member2008 CE –
- Sudan–South Sudan Non-Aggression Pact (2012)Historical alliance · member2012 CE – 2012 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI (2024). Arms Transfers Database (Trend-Indicator Values).
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of the Sudan is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.