Polity · 1905 CE – present
Republic of Panama
República de Panamá · Panamá · República de Panama
Also recorded as Panama
- Peak recorded area
- 83,523 km²
- 2000 CE
- Rulers on record
- 6
- from 1999 CE
- Data series
- 392
- 1905 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country located at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the south. Its capital and largest city is Panama City, whose metropolitan area is home to nearly half of the country's over 4 million inhabitants.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
10 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 61 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population268 obs · 1850 CE–2025 CE | 4.6Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 79.96years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 6,151persons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 1.2% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 82.84years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 77.1years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 154 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 24.9Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita117 obs · 1906 CE–2022 CE | 23.6K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 90.5Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Total Exports112 obs · 1903 CE–2014 CE | 810.72million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports112 obs · 1903 CE–2014 CE | 13.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance112 obs · 1903 CE–2014 CE | -12.8Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 33 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score114 obs · 1903 CE–2016 CE | 0.0003CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 2.1Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel95 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 0persons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure74 obs · 1923 CE–2016 CE | 751Mcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd38 obs · 1987 CE–2024 CE | 0millions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
Territory & resources
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 7.62% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 56.34% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 29.52%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land per capita Ha63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.1267hectares per person2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 2.2Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Arable Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 565Kha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 30 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index122 obs · 1903 CE–2024 CE | 0.726index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index122 obs · 1903 CE–2024 CE | 0.584index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index122 obs · 1903 CE–2024 CE | 0.436index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type122 obs · 1903 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index122 obs · 1903 CE–2024 CE | 0.688index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2110 obs · 1903 CE–2012 CE | 9index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 54 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Tech Railway Line Km165 obs · 1830 CE–1999 CE | 485km1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Freedom Of Expression Index122 obs · 1903 CE–2024 CE | 0.801index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage72 obs · 1921 CE–1998 CE | 98.2Kgross tons1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Commercial Vehicles66 obs · 1928 CE–1997 CE | 64count1997 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars66 obs · 1928 CE–1997 CE | 199Kcount1997 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Electricity Production65 obs · 1937 CE–2001 CE | 5.1BGWh2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
6 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Mireya MoscosoPresident1999 CE – 2004 CE
- Martín TorrijosPresident2004 CE – 2009 CE
- Ricardo MartinelliPresident2009 CE – 2014 CE
- Juan Carlos VarelaPresident2014 CE – 2019 CE
- Laurentino CortizoPresident2019 CE – 2024 CE
- José Raúl MulinoHead of State2024 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President José Raúl MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024); head of government: President José Raúl MULINO Quintero (since 1 July 2024); cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president;
- Ethnic groups
- Mestizo (mixed Indigenous and White) 65%, Indigenous 12.3% (Ngabe 7.6%, Kuna 2.4%, Embera 0.9%, Bugle 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2%), Black or African descent 9.2%, Mulatto 6.8%, White 6.7% (2010 est.)
- Natural resources
- copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
- Economy
- upper middle-income Central American economy; increasing Chinese trade; US dollar user; canal expansion fueling broader infrastructure investment; services sector dominates economy; historic money-laundering and illegal drug hub
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Spanish
- Currency
- balboas (PAB)
Memberships
- 21-member Entente (1936)Historical alliance · member1936 CE – 1945 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1945)Military alliance · member1945 CE – 1947 CE
- 35-member Defense Pact (1947)Military alliance · member1947 CE –
- 6-member Defense Pact (1963)Military alliance · member1963 CE – 1969 CE
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Panama is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.