Polity · 1960 CE – present
Republic of Mali
République de Mali · Fédération du Mali
Also recorded as Mali
- Peak recorded area
- 1,736,750 km²
- 1905 CE
- Rulers on record
- 34
- from 1960 CE
- Data series
- 388
- 1960 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the eighth-largest country in Africa and the 23rd largest country in the world, with an area of 1,240,192 square kilometres (478,841 sq mi). It is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east by Niger, to the northwest by Mauritania, to the south by Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast, and to the west by Guinea and Senegal.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
9 dated territorial extents on record from CShapes 2.0. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. Cliopatria holds 3 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 25.2Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 60.89years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -48Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 2.89% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 62.38years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 59.46years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 153 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP200 obs · 1820 CE–2019 CE | 1,770int'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd104 obs · 1967 CE–2025 CE | 30.1Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita73 obs · 1950 CE–2022 CE | 1,651.942011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Fao Asses Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 1.3Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Camels Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 1.4Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Cattle Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 14Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
Military
6 of 36 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP124 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 4.2% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure Usd62 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 929.3Mcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd58 obs · 1965 CE–2024 CE | 906.37millions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| CINC Score57 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 0.0007CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption57 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 2Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production57 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 55 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 6.84% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 10.9% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 35.47%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land per capita Ha63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.3509hectares per person2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 43.3Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Arable Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 8.3Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.199index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.147index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.176index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.348index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity253 obs · 1960 CE–2012 CE | 0index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 56 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.63index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Electricity Production61 obs · 1931 CE–1997 CE | 391MGWh1997 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Freight Tkm55 obs · 1860 CE–1993 CE | 240tonne-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10051 obs · 1960 CE–2022 CE | 112.12per_1002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Primary Enrollment Gross %49 obs · 1971 CE–2023 CE | 72.8%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Pupil Teacher Ratio Primary47 obs · 1971 CE–2018 CE | 37.83ratio2018 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
34 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Modibo KeïtaPresident of Mali1960 CE – 1968 CE
- Moussa TraoréPresident of Mali1968 CE – 1991 CE
- Yoro DiakitéPrime Minister of Mali1968 CE – 1969 CE
- Mamadou DembeléPrime Minister of Mali1986 CE – 1988 CE
- Amadou Toumani TouréPresident of Mali1991 CE – 1992 CE
- Soumana SackoPrime Minister of Mali1991 CE – 1992 CE
- Alpha Oumar KonaréPresident of Mali1992 CE – 2002 CE
- Younoussi TouréPrime Minister of Mali1992 CE – 1993 CE
- Abdoulaye Sékou SowPrime Minister of Mali1993 CE – 1994 CE
- Ibrahim Boubacar KeïtaPrime Minister of Mali1994 CE – 2000 CE
- Mandé SidibéPrime Minister of Mali2000 CE – 2002 CE
- Ahmed Mohamed ag HamaniPrime Minister of Mali2002 CE – 2004 CE
- Modibo KeitaPrime Minister of Mali2002 CE
- Ousmane Issoufi MaïgaPrime Minister of Mali2004 CE – 2007 CE
- Modibo SidibéPrime Minister of Mali2007 CE – 2011 CE
- Cissé Mariam Kaïdama SidibéPrime Minister of Mali2011 CE – 2012 CE
- Amadou SanogoPresident of Mali2012 CE
- Cheick Modibo DiarraPrime Minister of Mali2012 CE
- Dioncounda TraoréPresident of Mali2012 CE – 2013 CE
- Django SissokoPrime Minister of Mali2012 CE – 2013 CE
- Seyba TraoréVice President of Mali2012 CE
- Ibrahim Boubacar KeïtaHead of State2013 CE – 2020 CE
- Oumar Tatam LyPrime Minister of Mali2013 CE – 2014 CE
- Moussa MaraPrime Minister of Mali2014 CE – 2015 CE
- Abdoulaye Idrissa MaïgaHead of Government2017 CE
- Soumeylou Boubèye MaïgaHead of Government2017 CE – 2019 CE
- Boubou CisseHead of Government2019 CE – 2020 CE
- Assimi GoïtaVice President of Mali2020 CE – 2021 CE
- Bah NdawHead of State2020 CE – 2021 CE
- Malick DiawVice President of Mali2020 CE
- Moctar OuaneHead of Government2020 CE – 2021 CE
- Assimi GoïtaHead of State2021 CE –
- Choguel Kokalla MaïgaHead of Government2021 CE – 2022 CE
- Abdoulaye MaïgaHead of Government2022 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- interior Western Africa, southwest of Algeria, north of Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, and Burkina Faso, west of Niger
- Government type
- semi-presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: Transition President Assimi GOITA (since 7 June 2021); head of government: Transition Prime Minister Abdoulaye MAIGA (since 22 November 2024); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister;
- Ethnic groups
- Bambara 33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%, Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%, Senufo/Manianka 9.6%, Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%, Bobo 2.1%, Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from members of Economic Community of West Africa 0.4%, other 0.3% (2018 est.)
- Natural resources
- gold, phosphates, kaolin, salt, limestone, uranium, gypsum, granite, hydropower
- Economy
- low-income Saharan economy; recession due to COVID-19 and political instability; extreme poverty; environmentally fragile; high public debt; agricultural and gold exporter; terrorism and warfare are common
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- French
- Currency
- CFA franc, Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1960 CE –
- Mali–Guinea–Ghana Defense Pact (1961)Military alliance · member1961 CE – 1963 CE
- ECOWASECOWASEconomic bloc · founding member1975 CE –
- 16-member Non-Aggression Pact (1977)Historical alliance · member1977 CE – 1981 CE
- 16-member Defense Pact (1981)Military alliance · member1981 CE –
- African UnionAUInternational organisation · founding member2002 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
CShapes 2.02.0
Schvitz, G. et al. (2022). Mapping the International System, 1886-2019: The CShapes 2.0 Dataset. Journal of Conflict Resolution 66(1).
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Mali is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.