Polity · 1918 CE – present
Republic of Finland
Suomi · Finland · Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
Also recorded as Finland
- Peak recorded area
- 447,640 km²
- 1942 CE
- Rulers on record
- 18
- from 1919 CE
- Data series
- 405
- 1918 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, opposite Estonia. Its capital and largest city is Helsinki. Finland has a population of 5.6 million. The official languages are Finnish and Swedish, the mother tongues of 84.1 percent and 5.1 percent of the population, respectively.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
7 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 2 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 58 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population351 obs · 1 CE–2025 CE | 5.6Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 82.24years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 18.2Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 0.027% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 84.91years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 79.6years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 135 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 41.2Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita170 obs · 1600 CE–2022 CE | 40.7K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP Current Usd111 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 317Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Total Exports98 obs · 1917 CE–2014 CE | 73Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports98 obs · 1917 CE–2014 CE | 76.3Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance98 obs · 1917 CE–2014 CE | -3,247.79million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP133 obs · 1958 CE–2025 CE | 2.8% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| CINC Score100 obs · 1917 CE–2016 CE | 0.0015CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption100 obs · 1917 CE–2016 CE | 43.1Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production100 obs · 1917 CE–2016 CE | 4.1Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure98 obs · 1919 CE–2016 CE | 3.3Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel96 obs · 1919 CE–2016 CE | 22Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 65 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 7.38% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 73.72% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 7.44%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land per capita Ha63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.4019hectares per person2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 2.3Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Arable Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 2.2Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 25 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Rule Of Law Index216 obs · 1809 CE–2024 CE | 0.989index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index162 obs · 1863 CE–2024 CE | 0.847index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index162 obs · 1863 CE–2024 CE | 0.802index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index162 obs · 1863 CE–2024 CE | 0.597index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 3RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity296 obs · 1917 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 62 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index216 obs · 1809 CE–2024 CE | 0.952index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km176 obs · 1825 CE–2000 CE | 5,865km2000 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Passenger Km155 obs · 1834 CE–1993 CE | 3,007passenger-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Freight Tkm128 obs · 1862 CE–1993 CE | 9,259tonne-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph119 obs · 1866 CE–1991 CE | 0.048count1991 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items117 obs · 1845 CE–1993 CE | 1,158items1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
18 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Kaarlo Juho StåhlbergHead of State1919 CE – 1925 CE
- Lauri Kristian RelanderHead of State1925 CE – 1931 CE
- Pehr Evind SvinhufvudHead of State1931 CE – 1937 CE
- Kyösti KallioHead of State1937 CE – 1940 CE
- Risto RytiHead of State1940 CE – 1944 CE
- Carl Gustaf Emil MannerheimHead of State1944 CE – 1946 CE
- Juho Kusti PaasikiviHead of State1946 CE – 1956 CE
- Urho KekkonenHead of State1956 CE – 1982 CE
- Mauno KoivistoHead of State1982 CE – 1994 CE
- Martti AhtisaariHead of State1994 CE – 2000 CE
- Tarja HalonenHead of State2000 CE – 2012 CE
- Sauli NiinistöHead of State2012 CE – 2024 CE
- Alexander StubbHead of Government2014 CE – 2015 CE
- Juha SipiläHead of Government2015 CE – 2019 CE
- Antti RinneHead of Government2019 CE
- Sanna MarinHead of Government2019 CE – 2023 CE
- Petteri OrpoHead of Government2023 CE –
- Alexander StubbHead of State2024 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
- Government type
- parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024); head of government: Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023); cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament;
- Ethnic groups
- Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami
- Natural resources
- timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
- Economy
- high-income, export-based EU and eurozone economy; major timber, metals, engineering, telecom, and electronics industries; emerging from recession triggered by inflation, weak consumer and export demand, and lower private investment; labor market reform plan to address structural rigidities
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Finnish, Swedish
- Currency
- euros (EUR)
Memberships
- Russia–Finland Non-Aggression Pact (1932)Historical alliance · member1932 CE – 1939 CE
- Russia–Finland Non-Aggression Pact (1940)Historical alliance · member1940 CE – 1941 CE
- Russia–Finland Defense Pact (1948)Military alliance · member1948 CE – 1991 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1955 CE –
- EFTAEFTAEconomic bloc · member1986 CE – 1995 CE
- Russia–Finland Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · member1995 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · member2023 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Finland is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.