Polity · 1992 CE – present
Republic of Estonia
Eesti Vabariik · Eesti
- Peak recorded area
- 48,549 km²
- 1992 CE
- Rulers on record
- 13
- from 1992 CE
- Data series
- 360
- 1992 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Russia. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, and over 2,300 other islands and islets on the east coast of the Baltic Sea.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
2 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 57 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population152 obs · 1966 CE–2025 CE | 1.3Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration119 obs · 1966 CE–2025 CE | -13.3Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female118 obs · 1966 CE–2025 CE | 83.3years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male118 obs · 1966 CE–2025 CE | 75.35years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy117 obs · 1966 CE–2025 CE | 79.48years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Infant Mortality Rate60 obs · 1966 CE–2025 CE | 1.6per 1000 live births2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 128 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP54 obs · 1966 CE–2019 CE | 30.3Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita44 obs · 1973 CE–2022 CE | 30.1K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Electricity Generation41 obs · 1985 CE–2025 CE | 6.05TWh2025 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Low Carbon Electricity41 obs · 1985 CE–2025 CE | 3.6TWh2025 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Nuclear Electricity41 obs · 1985 CE–2025 CE | 0TWh2025 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Renewables Electricity41 obs · 1985 CE–2025 CE | 3.6TWh2025 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Military
6 of 40 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 1,392.66millions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Military Expenditure % GDP33 obs · 1993 CE–2025 CE | 3.4% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| Arms Imports Tiv Million32 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 115tiv_million2024 CE · SIPRI Arms Transfers TIV |
| Military Expenditure per capita32 obs · 1993 CE–2024 CE | 1,054.81usd_current2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| CINC Score26 obs · 1991 CE–2016 CE | 0.0002CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production26 obs · 1991 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 56 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 10.65mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 7.76t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Methane Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 1.63mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Nitrous Oxide Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 1.68mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions Mt54 obs · 1970 CE–2023 CE | 11.47Mt CO2e2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions per capita T54 obs · 1970 CE–2023 CE | 8.37t CO2e/capita2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Largest Govt Party Vote Share49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 28.9percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Opposition Vote Share49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 17.8percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Legislature Total Seats49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 101seats2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Government Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 60count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Opposition Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 41count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Electoral Democracy Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.895index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 51 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10050 obs · 1970 CE–2023 CE | 150.2per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Hospital Beds Per 100040 obs · 1980 CE–2023 CE | 4.13per_10002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Who Skilled Birth Attendance39 obs · 1985 CE–2023 CE | 4.96%2023 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
| Physicians Per 100037 obs · 1980 CE–2022 CE | 3.47per_10002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Freedom Of Expression Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.969index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electricity Access %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
13 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Lennart MeriHead of State1992 CE – 2001 CE
- Mart LaarHead of Government1992 CE – 1994 CE
- Arnold RüütelHead of State2001 CE – 2006 CE
- Siim KallasHead of Government2002 CE – 2003 CE
- Juhan PartsHead of Government2003 CE – 2005 CE
- Andrus AnsipHead of Government2005 CE – 2014 CE
- Toomas Hendrik IlvesHead of State2006 CE – 2016 CE
- Taavi RõivasHead of Government2014 CE – 2016 CE
- Jüri RatasHead of Government2016 CE – 2021 CE
- Kersti KaljulaidHead of State2016 CE – 2021 CE
- Alar KarisHead of State2021 CE –
- Kaja KallasHead of Government2021 CE –
- Kristen MichalHead of Government2024 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Eastern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland, between Latvia and Russia
- Government type
- parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Alar KARIS (since 11 October 2021); head of government: Prime Minister Kristen MICHAL (since 23 July 2024); cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by Parliament; election/appointment process: president indirectly elected by Parliament for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term);
- Ethnic groups
- Estonian 69.1%, Russian 23.7%, Ukrainian 2.1%, other 4.6%, unspecified 0.5% (2021 est.)
- Natural resources
- oil shale, peat, rare earth elements, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud
- Economy
- high-income, service-based EU and eurozone economy; rebound in exports playing a role in economic recovery; rising food prices contributing to inflation; decrease in labor force participation and rising unemployment rate; recovery depends on boosting private investment and productivity rates
Language & currency
- Currency
- euros (EUR)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1991 CE –
- Poland–Estonia Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · member2004 CE –
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · member2004 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI (2024). Arms Transfers Database (Trend-Indicator Values).
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
WHO Global Health Observatory2024
World Health Organization (2024). Global Health Observatory data repository.
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Republic of Estonia is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.