Polity · 1815 CE – present
Netherlands
Nederland · Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
Also recorded as Holland, Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Peak recorded area
- 71,126 km²
- 1815 CE
- Rulers on record
- 28
- from 1815 CE
- Data series
- 409
- 1815 CE–2025 CE
Overview
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands consists of twelve provinces; it borders Germany to the east and Belgium to the south, with a North Sea coastline to the north and west. It shares maritime borders with the United Kingdom, Germany, and Belgium.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
17 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 6 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 66 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population351 obs · 1 CE–2025 CE | 18.3Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Urban Population197 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 3.7Mpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 82.45years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 104.7Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 0.598% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 83.98years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 142 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP672 obs · 1348 CE–2019 CE | 49.1Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita669 obs · 1348 CE–2022 CE | 49.7K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Total Exports141 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 656.8Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports141 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 584.5Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance141 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 72.3Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness141 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 1.2Mmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 66 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score197 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 0.004CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption197 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 168.1Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production197 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 6.9Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel197 obs · 1816 CE–2016 CE | 36Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP135 obs · 1956 CE–2025 CE | 2.5% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| Military Expenditure99 obs · 1914 CE–2016 CE | 9.2Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 50 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 29.97% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Gas Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 80.67TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Coal Production117 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 0TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production117 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 14.76TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 11.06% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 53.55%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 27 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index234 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.822index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index234 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.561index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index234 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.979index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index232 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.761index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2193 obs · 1815 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 3RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 58 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index234 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.888index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km161 obs · 1825 CE–1993 CE | 2,757km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Telegraph160 obs · 1830 CE–1990 CE | 0.278count1990 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios153 obs · 1815 CE–1999 CE | 15.9Kcount1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage143 obs · 1829 CE–1993 CE | 2,648gross tons1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Mail Items130 obs · 1849 CE–1989 CE | 5,498items1989 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
28 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- William I of the NetherlandsHead of State1815 CE – 1840 CE
- William II of the NetherlandsHead of State1840 CE – 1849 CE
- William III of the NetherlandsHead of State1849 CE – 1890 CE
- Wilhelmina of the NetherlandsHead of State1890 CE – 1948 CE
- Charles Ruijs de BeerenbrouckHead of Government1918 CE – 1925 CE
- Hendrikus ColijnHead of Government1925 CE – 1926 CE
- Dirk Jan de GeerHead of Government1926 CE – 1929 CE
- Pieter Sjoerds GerbrandyHead of Government1940 CE – 1945 CE
- Wim SchermerhornHead of Government1945 CE – 1946 CE
- Louis BeelHead of Government1946 CE – 1948 CE
- Juliana of the NetherlandsHead of State1948 CE – 1980 CE
- Willem DreesHead of Government1948 CE – 1958 CE
- Jan de QuayHead of Government1959 CE – 1963 CE
- Victor MarijnenHead of Government1963 CE – 1965 CE
- Jo CalsHead of Government1965 CE – 1966 CE
- Jelle ZijlstraHead of Government1966 CE – 1967 CE
- Piet de JongHead of Government1967 CE – 1971 CE
- Barend BiesheuvelHead of Government1971 CE – 1973 CE
- Joop den UylHead of Government1973 CE – 1977 CE
- Dries van AgtHead of Government1977 CE – 1982 CE
- Beatrix of the NetherlandsHead of State1980 CE – 2013 CE
- Ruud LubbersHead of Government1982 CE – 1994 CE
- Wim KokHead of Government1994 CE – 2002 CE
- Jan Peter BalkenendeHead of Government2002 CE – 2010 CE
- Mark RutteHead of Government2010 CE – 2024 CE
- William Alexander of the NetherlandsHead of State2013 CE –
- Dick SchoofHead of Government2024 CE – 2026 CE
- Rob JettenHead of Government2026 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Western Europe, bordering the North Sea, between Belgium and Germany
- Government type
- parliamentary constitutional monarchy; part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
- Executive branch
- chief of state: King WILLEM-ALEXANDER (since 30 April 2013); head of government: Caretaker Prime Minister Dick SCHOOF (since 3 June 2025); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch; election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary;
- Ethnic groups
- Dutch 75.4%, EU (excluding Dutch) 6.4%, Turkish 2.4%, Moroccan 2.4%, Surinamese 2.1%, Indonesian 2%, other 9.3% (2021 est.)
- Natural resources
- natural gas, petroleum, peat, limestone, salt, sand and gravel, arable land
- Economy
- high-income, core EU- and eurozone-member economy; strong services, logistics, and tech sectors; strongly trade-oriented with heightened risks from global tensions; declining inflation aided by easing energy prices and wage growth; rising but manageable deficits and public debt;
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Dutch, Frisian
- Currency
- euros (EUR)
Memberships
- Netherlands–Spain Defense Pact (1816)Military alliance · member1816 CE – 1820 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 10-member Defense Pact (1948)Military alliance · member1948 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1949 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · founding member1949 CE –
- EECEECEconomic bloc · founding member1958 CE –
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · founding member1958 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Netherlands is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.