Polity · 1775 CE – present
Nepal
नेपाल
Also recorded as Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
- Peak recorded area
- 227,085 km²
- 1814 CE
- Rulers on record
- 8
- from 2008 CE
- Data series
- 388
- 1789 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is mainly situated in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It borders the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north, and India to the south, east, and west, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
27 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 61 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population222 obs · 1820 CE–2025 CE | 29.6Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 70.9years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -364.7Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -0.068% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 72.42years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 69.32years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 157 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 2,609int'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 45.5Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Total Exports95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 919.64million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 8,486.42million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | -7,566.78million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 9,406.06million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 22 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 0.0017CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 14.2Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 96Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure66 obs · 1950 CE–2016 CE | 338Mcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP56 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 0.9795% of GDP2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Territory & resources
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 12.58% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production117 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 0.099TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 41.59% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 26.12%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land per capita Ha63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.0607hectares per person2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 3.7Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 31 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index236 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.669index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index236 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.427index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index236 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.626index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2213 obs · 1800 CE–2012 CE | 6index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Liberal Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.522index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 54 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index236 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.814index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Newspaper Circulation54 obs · 1946 CE–1999 CE | 288.5Kcirculation1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios54 obs · 1946 CE–1999 CE | 903count1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10051 obs · 1960 CE–2022 CE | 133.27per_1002022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Pupil Teacher Ratio Primary46 obs · 1970 CE–2019 CE | 19.74ratio2019 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Dpt Immunization %45 obs · 1980 CE–2024 CE | 97%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
8 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Ram Baran YadavHead of State2008 CE – 2015 CE
- Baburam BhattaraiHead of Government2011 CE – 2013 CE
- Sushil KoiralaHead of Government2014 CE – 2015 CE
- Bidya Devi BhandariHead of State2015 CE – 2023 CE
- Khadga Prasad Sharma OliHead of Government2015 CE – 2016 CE
- Pushpa Kamal DahalHead of Government2016 CE – 2017 CE
- Sher Bahadur DeubaHead of Government2017 CE – 2018 CE
- Ram Chandra PoudelHead of State2023 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southern Asia, between China and India
- Government type
- federal parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Ram Chandra POUDEL (since 13 March 2023); head of government: Prime Minister Sushila KARKI (since 12 September 2025); cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister; cabinet positions shared among Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist Centre, and various coalition partners;
- Ethnic groups
- Chhettri 16.5%, Brahman-Hill 11.3%, Magar 6.9%, Tharu 6.2%, Tamang 5.6%, Bishwokarma 5%, Musalman 4.9%, Newar 4.6%, Yadav 4.2%, Rai 2.2%, Pariyar 1.9%, Gurung 1.9%, Thakuri 1.7%, Mijar 1.6%, Teli 1.5%, Yakthung/Limbu 1.4%, Chamar/Harijan/Ram 1.4%, Koiri/Kushwaha 1.2%, other 20% (2021 est.)
- Natural resources
- quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore
- Economy
- low-income South Asian economy; post-conflict fiscal federalism increasing stability; COVID-19 hurt trade and tourism; widening current account deficits; environmentally fragile economy from earthquakes; growing Chinese relations and investments
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Nepali
- Currency
- Nepalese rupees (NPR)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0