Polity · 1853 CE – present
Montenegro
Црна Гора · Crna Gora
- Peak recorded area
- 17,190 km²
- 1912 CE
- Rulers on record
- 12
- from 1990 CE
- Data series
- 307
- 1853 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Montenegro is a country in Southeast Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Its 25 municipalities have a total population of 633,158 people in an area of 13,883 km2. It is bordered by Serbia to the northeast, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Kosovo to the east, Albania to the southeast, and Croatia to the west, and has a coastline along the Adriatic Sea to the southwest. The capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is the Old Royal Capital and cultural centre.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
8 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 6 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 54 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 632.7Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 77.43years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -9,279persons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -1.52% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 80.6years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 74.12years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 125 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP320 obs · 1700 CE–2019 CE | 16.5Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita71 obs · 1952 CE–2022 CE | 20.9K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP Current Usd55 obs · 1997 CE–2025 CE | 9.2Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Female Labor Force Participation35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 51.43%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Labor Force Participation Rate35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 58.23%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Unemployment Rate34 obs · 1991 CE–2024 CE | 13.21%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Military
6 of 37 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP21 obs · 2005 CE–2025 CE | 2% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| Military Expenditure Usd20 obs · 2005 CE–2024 CE | 150Mcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Armed Forces Personnel15 obs · 2006 CE–2020 CE | 12Kpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| CINC Score11 obs · 2006 CE–2016 CE | 0.0001CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption11 obs · 2006 CE–2016 CE | 1.2Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production11 obs · 2006 CE–2016 CE | 120Ktons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 45 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 13.9Ksq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arable Land %36 obs · 2006 CE–2023 CE | 0.6729% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %36 obs · 2006 CE–2023 CE | 61.49% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Pm25 Air Pollution Mcg M331 obs · 1990 CE–2020 CE | 17.98mcg_per_m32020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Pm25 Exposure Ug M331 obs · 1990 CE–2020 CE | 17.98ug/m32020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Renewable Electricity Output Kwh22 obs · 2000 CE–2021 CE | 322.7Mkwh2021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 12 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Rule Of Law Index157 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.712index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index45 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.615index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index45 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.478index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index45 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.392index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type45 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Control Of Corruption Index24 obs · 1998 CE–2023 CE | -0.0793index2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Development
6 of 34 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index81 obs · 1865 CE–2024 CE | 0.808index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Who Skilled Birth Attendance39 obs · 1985 CE–2023 CE | 5.83%2023 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
| Tech Radios36 obs · 1878 CE–1913 CE | 0count1913 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Electricity Access %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Rural %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Electricity Access Urban %34 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 100%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
12 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Momir BulatovićHead of State1990 CE – 1998 CE
- Milo ĐukanovićHead of Government1991 CE – 1998 CE
- Filip VujanovićHead of Government1998 CE – 2003 CE
- Milo ĐukanovićHead of State1998 CE – 2002 CE
- Filip VujanovićHead of State2003 CE – 2018 CE
- Željko ŠturanovićHead of Government2006 CE – 2008 CE
- Igor LukšićHead of Government2010 CE – 2012 CE
- Duško MarkovićHead of Government2016 CE – 2020 CE
- Zdravko KrivokapićHead of Government2020 CE – 2022 CE
- Dritan AbazovićHead of Government2022 CE – 2023 CE
- Jakov MilatovićHead of State2023 CE –
- Milojko SpajićHead of Government2023 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
- Government type
- parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023); head of government: Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023); cabinet: ministers serve as the cabinet;
- Ethnic groups
- Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)
- Natural resources
- bauxite, hydroelectricity
- Economy
- upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; uses euro as de facto currency; reduced growth due to slowdown in tourism and industrial production; new impetus for EU accession under Europe Now government; energy price cap and declining food and services prices easing inflation rate
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Montenegrin, Serbian
- Currency
- euros (EUR)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member2006 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · member2017 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
WHO Global Health Observatory2024
World Health Organization (2024). Global Health Observatory data repository.
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Montenegro is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.