Polity · 1992 CE – present
Mongolia
Монгол Улс · ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ · Mongol Uls
- Peak recorded area
- 1,569,530 km²
- 1992 CE
- Rulers on record
- 7
- from 2009 CE
- Data series
- 345
- 1992 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Mongolia is a landlocked country in the East Asia region. It is bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, and covers an area of 1,564,116 square kilometers, making it the 18th-largest country in the world and the second largest landlocked country after Kazakhstan, as well as the largest landlocked country that does not border an inland sea.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
3 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 54 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population132 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 3.5Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy121 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 72.24years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth99 obs · 1961 CE–2025 CE | 1.15% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration67 obs · 1992 CE–2025 CE | 79persons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Urbanization Rate67 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 71.15% of total2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Life Expectancy Female66 obs · 1992 CE–2025 CE | 76.88years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 118 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP Current Usd80 obs · 1980 CE–2025 CE | 25.4Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agriculture % GDP45 obs · 1981 CE–2025 CE | 8.94% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Industry % GDP45 obs · 1981 CE–2025 CE | 37.25% of GDP2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Rents % GDP41 obs · 1981 CE–2021 CE | 4.89%2021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Mineral Rents % GDP41 obs · 1981 CE–2021 CE | 26.57%2021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Natural Gas Rents % GDP41 obs · 1981 CE–2021 CE | 0%2021 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Military
6 of 29 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP39 obs · 1987 CE–2024 CE | 0.7423% of GDP2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Military Expenditure Usd38 obs · 1987 CE–2024 CE | 180.8Mcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Armed Forces Personnel33 obs · 1985 CE–2020 CE | 18Kpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| CINC Score25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 0.0003CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 8.7Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production25 obs · 1992 CE–2016 CE | 50Ktons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %95 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 0.7336% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %66 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 9.09% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 1.6Msq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Forest Land34 obs · 1992 CE–2025 CE | 14.2Mha2025 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 27.66mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 7.85t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
Governance
6 of 29 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.496index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.389index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.249index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 1RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.533index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Checks And Balances32 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 3count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
Development
6 of 52 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Dpt Immunization %33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 96%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Freedom Of Expression Index33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 0.693index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Measles Immunization %33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 96%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Primary Enrollment Gross %33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 92.34%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tertiary Enrollment Gross %33 obs · 1992 CE–2024 CE | 69.04%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10032 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 141.09per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
7 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Tsakhiagiin ElbegdorjHead of State2009 CE – 2017 CE
- Jargaltulga ErdenebatHead of Government2016 CE – 2017 CE
- Khaltmaagiin BattulgaHead of State2017 CE – 2021 CE
- Khurelsukh UkhnaaHead of Government2017 CE – 2021 CE
- Khurelsukh UkhnaaHead of State2021 CE –
- Luvsannamsrain Oyun-ErdeneHead of Government2021 CE – 2025 CE
- Gombojavyn ZandanshatarHead of Government2025 CE –
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Mongolian
- Currency
- Mongolian tögrög (MNT)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1961 CE –
- Russia–Mongolia Non-Aggression Pact (1993)Historical alliance · member2000 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0