Polity · 1890 CE – present
Luxembourg
Luxemburg · Lëtzebuerg · Grand Duché de Luxembourg
Also recorded as Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- Peak recorded area
- 2,405 km²
- 1890 CE
- Rulers on record
- 8
- from 1959 CE
- Data series
- 329
- 1890 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembourg City, is one of the four institutional seats of the European Union and hosts several EU institutions, notably the Court of Justice of the European Union, the highest judicial authority in the EU.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
10 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 2 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 51 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population215 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 680.5Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 82.49years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 5,237persons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 1.05% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 84.06years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 80.91years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 133 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP200 obs · 1820 CE–2019 CE | 88.8Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd111 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 101.2Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Total Exports92 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 19.1Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports92 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 26.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance92 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | -7,463.26million USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Openness92 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 45.7Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 18 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score94 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 0.0003CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption94 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 2.3Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production94 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 2.2Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure94 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 220Mcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel91 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 1,000persons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP65 obs · 1960 CE–2024 CE | 0.9627% of GDP2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Territory & resources
6 of 52 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Renewable Freshwater per capita M362 obs · 1961 CE–2022 CE | 1,531.15cubic meters2022 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 7.15mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 10.56t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Methane Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 0.6384mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Nitrous Oxide Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 0.2207mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions Mt54 obs · 1970 CE–2023 CE | 6.94Mt CO2e2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 25 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Polity2141 obs · 1867 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Rule Of Law Index135 obs · 1890 CE–2024 CE | 0.98index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Electoral Democracy Index110 obs · 1915 CE–2024 CE | 0.867index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index110 obs · 1915 CE–2024 CE | 0.783index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index110 obs · 1915 CE–2024 CE | 0.561index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type110 obs · 1915 CE–2024 CE | 3RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 50 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index210 obs · 1815 CE–2024 CE | 0.958index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Radios155 obs · 1815 CE–1999 CE | 295count1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Physicians Per 100058 obs · 1960 CE–2017 CE | 2.98per_10002017 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tech Newspaper Circulation54 obs · 1946 CE–1999 CE | 129.3Kcirculation1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10052 obs · 1960 CE–2023 CE | 144.48per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tech Steel Electric Arc47 obs · 1929 CE–2001 CE | 2,725metric tons2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
8 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Pierre WernerHead of Government1959 CE – 1974 CE
- Gaston ThornHead of Government1974 CE – 1979 CE
- Jacques SanterHead of Government1984 CE – 1995 CE
- Jean-Claude JunckerHead of Government1995 CE – 2013 CE
- Henri, Grand Duke of LuxembourgHead of State2000 CE – 2025 CE
- Xavier BettelHead of Government2013 CE – 2023 CE
- Luc FriedenHead of Government2023 CE –
- Guillaume V, Grand Duke of LuxembourgHead of State2025 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Western Europe, between France and Germany
- Government type
- constitutional monarchy
- Executive branch
- chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025); head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023); cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch; election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary;
- Ethnic groups
- Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)
- Natural resources
- iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land
- Economy
- high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility
Language & currency
- Currency
- euros (EUR)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- 10-member Defense Pact (1948)Military alliance · member1948 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · founding member1949 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1949 CE –
- European UnionEUEconomic bloc · founding member1958 CE –
- EECEECEconomic bloc · founding member1958 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Luxembourg is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.