Polity · 1992 CE – present
Kazakhstan
Қазақстан Республикасы · قزاقستان · Қазақстан
Also recorded as Republic of Kazakhstan
- Peak recorded area
- 2,642,540 km²
- 2006 CE
- Rulers on record
- 6
- from 1991 CE
- Data series
- 437
- 1992 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country situated primarily in Central Asia, with a small portion of its territory extending into Eastern Europe. It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, and it has a coastline along the Caspian Sea.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
4 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 2 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 60 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 20.8Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 74.67years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -8,834persons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 1.18% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 78.65years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 70.43years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 157 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 28.6Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd69 obs · 1990 CE–2025 CE | 306.2Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita44 obs · 1973 CE–2022 CE | 26.5K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Electricity Generation40 obs · 1985 CE–2024 CE | 118.51TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Energy per capita40 obs · 1985 CE–2024 CE | 41.9KkWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Fossil Fuel Consumption40 obs · 1985 CE–2024 CE | 815.42TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
Military
6 of 44 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP33 obs · 1993 CE–2024 CE | 0.4284% of GDP2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Military Expenditure Usd32 obs · 1993 CE–2024 CE | 1.2Bcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Armed Forces Personnel28 obs · 1993 CE–2020 CE | 71Kpersons2020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Arms Imports Tiv Million28 obs · 1995 CE–2024 CE | 460tiv_million2024 CE · SIPRI Arms Transfers TIV |
| CINC Score26 obs · 1991 CE–2016 CE | 0.0029CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production26 obs · 1991 CE–2016 CE | 4.3Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 94 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 10.99% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Forest Area %64 obs · 1992 CE–2023 CE | 1.31% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Surface Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 2.7Msq. km2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 258.8mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 12.57t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Methane Emissions Mt Co2e55 obs · 1970 CE–2024 CE | 57.26mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
Governance
6 of 28 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Legislature Total Seats49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 107seats2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Government Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 107count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Num Opposition Parties49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 0count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Govt Party Vote Share41 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 71.09percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Largest Opposition Vote Share39 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 0percent2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
| Electoral Democracy Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.272index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 54 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10052 obs · 1960 CE–2023 CE | 127.12per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Hospital Beds Per 100041 obs · 1980 CE–2020 CE | 6.54per_10002020 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Who Skilled Birth Attendance39 obs · 1985 CE–2023 CE | 9.58%2023 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
| Primary Enrollment Gross %38 obs · 1981 CE–2024 CE | 97.54%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Freedom Of Expression Index35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 0.372index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Who Health Workers Density35 obs · 1990 CE–2024 CE | 30.59per_100002024 CE · WHO Global Health Observatory |
Rulers
6 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Nursultan NazarbayevHead of State1991 CE – 2019 CE
- Karim MassimovHead of Government2014 CE – 2016 CE
- Baqytjan SağyntaevHead of Government2016 CE – 2019 CE
- Asqar MaminHead of Government2019 CE – 2022 CE
- Kassym-Jomart TokayevHead of State2019 CE –
- Älihan SmaiylovHead of Government2022 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Central Asia, northwest of China; a small portion west of the Ural (Oral) River in easternmost Europe
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Kasym-Zhomart TOKAYEV (since 20 March 2019); head of government: Prime Minister Olzhas BEKTENOV (since 6 February 2024); cabinet: the president appoints ministers based on the prime minister's recommendations;
- Ethnic groups
- Kazakh 71%, Russian 14.9%, Uzbek 3.3%, Ukrainian 1.9%, Uyghurs 1.5%, German 1.1%, Tatar 1.1%, other 4.9%, unspecified 0.3% (2023 est.)
- Natural resources
- major deposits of petroleum, natural gas, coal, iron ore, manganese, chrome ore, nickel, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, bauxite, gold, uranium
- Economy
- upper-middle-income Central Asian economy; robust growth due to rising oil production, expansion in manufacturing and services, rising domestic demand, and infrastructure investments; however, rapid growth contributing to high inflation rate; declining unemployment and poverty rates
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Kazakh
- Currency
- tenge (KZT)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1992 CE –
- 9-member Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE –
- Russia–Kazakhstan Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1992 CE –
- 12-member Defense Pact (1992)Military alliance · member1995 CE –
- 6-member Non-Aggression Pact (1996)Historical alliance · member1996 CE –
- CSTOCSTOMilitary alliance · founding member2002 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CIA World Factbook 2024
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI (2024). Arms Transfers Database (Trend-Indicator Values).
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
WHO Global Health Observatory2024
World Health Organization (2024). Global Health Observatory data repository.
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Kazakhstan is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.