Polity · 1947 CE – present
Islamic Republic of Pakistan
پاکستان · Pakistan · پاکستان
Also recorded as Pakistan
- Peak recorded area
- 1,021,570 km²
- 1948 CE
- Rulers on record
- 9
- from 2013 CE
- Data series
- 482
- 1947 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. Islamabad is the nation's capital, while Karachi is its largest city and financial centre. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
10 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 5 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 75 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population216 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 255.2Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 67.94years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | -1.2Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 1.58% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 70.47years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 65.58years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 160 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP420 obs · 1600 CE–2019 CE | 5,055int'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 407.3Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita73 obs · 1950 CE–2022 CE | 5,531.722011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Total Exports68 obs · 1947 CE–2014 CE | 27.1Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports68 obs · 1947 CE–2014 CE | 58.9Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance68 obs · 1947 CE–2014 CE | -31.9Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 76 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP137 obs · 1953 CE–2024 CE | 2.67% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| Nuclear Warhead Stockpile78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 170count2024 CE · FAS Nuclear Notebook (via OWID) |
| Arms Imports Tiv Million75 obs · 1950 CE–2024 CE | 1,068tiv_million2024 CE · SIPRI Arms Transfers TIV |
| CINC Score70 obs · 1947 CE–2016 CE | 0.0151CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production70 obs · 1947 CE–2016 CE | 3.6Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure70 obs · 1947 CE–2016 CE | 7.5Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 78 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 39.25% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 99.38TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 260.89TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production117 obs · 1900 CE–2016 CE | 54.91TWh2016 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 4.67% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 46.69%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 31 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 0.313index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 0.199index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 0.204index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 1RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 0.306index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity266 obs · 1947 CE–2012 CE | 6index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 62 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index78 obs · 1947 CE–2024 CE | 0.568index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Newspaper Circulation53 obs · 1947 CE–1999 CE | 3.7Mcirculation1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios53 obs · 1947 CE–1999 CE | 14.8Kcount1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10052 obs · 1960 CE–2023 CE | 76.54per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tech Telephones51 obs · 1948 CE–1998 CE | 2.6Mcount1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Line Km50 obs · 1948 CE–1998 CE | 8,800km1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
9 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Mamnoon HussainHead of State2013 CE – 2018 CE
- Mir Hazar Khan KhosoHead of Government2013 CE
- Nawaz SharifHead of Government2013 CE – 2017 CE
- Shahid Khaqan AbbasiHead of Government2017 CE – 2018 CE
- Arif AlviHead of State2018 CE – 2024 CE
- Imran KhanHead of Government2018 CE – 2022 CE
- Nasirul MulkHead of Government2018 CE
- Shehbaz SharifHead of Government2022 CE –
- Asif Ali ZardariHead of State2024 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north
- Government type
- federal parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Asif Ali ZARDARI (since 10 March 2024); head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Shehbaz SHARIF (since 3 March 2024); cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister;
- Ethnic groups
- Punjabi 44.7%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.4%, Sindhi 14.1%, Saraiki 8.4%, Muhajirs 7.6%, Baloch 3.6%, other 6.3%
- Natural resources
- arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone
- Economy
- lower middle-income South Asian economy; extremely high debt; endemic corruption; regional disputes with India and Afghanistan hinder investment; falling inflation, IMF relief programs, and strong agricultural output slowly contributing to economic recovery
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Punjabi
- Currency
- Pakistani rupees (PKR)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1947 CE –
- Commonwealth of NationsCWInternational organisation · member1947 CE –
- SEATOSEATOMilitary alliance · founding member1954 CE – 1977 CE
- Turkey–Pakistan Entente (1954)Historical alliance · member1954 CE – 1955 CE
- 8-member Entente (1954)Historical alliance · member1954 CE – 1972 CE
- 6-member Non-Aggression Pact (1955)Historical alliance · member1955 CE – 1979 CE
- CENTOCENTOMilitary alliance · founding member1955 CE – 1979 CE
- United States of America–Pakistan Defense Pact (1959)Military alliance · member1959 CE –
- Organisation of Islamic CooperationOICInternational organisation · founding member1969 CE –
- India–Pakistan Non-Aggression Pact (1972)Historical alliance · member1972 CE –
- Afghanistan–Pakistan Non-Aggression Pact (1988)Historical alliance · member1988 CE – 1989 CE
- 7-member Non-Aggression Pact (2002)Historical alliance · member2002 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
FAS Nuclear Notebook (via OWID)2024
Kristensen, H.M. et al., Federation of American Scientists Nuclear Notebook, via Our World in Data (2024).
CC BY 4.0 (OWID); underlying FAS data
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI (2024). Arms Transfers Database (Trend-Indicator Values).
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Islamic Republic of Pakistan is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.