Polity · 1960 CE – present
Federal Republic of Somalia
Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya · Soomaaliya · 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒕𐒖
Also recorded as Somalia
- Peak recorded area
- 646,201 km²
- 1979 CE
- Rulers on record
- 5
- from 2017 CE
- Data series
- 226
- 1960 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Somalia, officially the Federal Republic of Somalia, is the easternmost country in continental Africa. Stretching across the Horn of Africa, it borders Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden to the north, and the Indian Ocean to the east. Somalia has the longest coastline on Africa's mainland. Somalia has an estimated population of more than 18 million, of which 2.7 million live in the capital and largest city, Mogadishu.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
3 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 37 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 59.11years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population143 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 19.7Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 3.28% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Infant Mortality Rate76 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 64.99per 1000 live births2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female76 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 61.7years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male76 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 56.63years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 82 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP214 obs · 1800 CE–2013 CE | 619int'l $ (inflation adj.)2013 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd80 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 13Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Asses Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 23Khead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Camels Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 7.6Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Cattle Stocks64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 4.8Mhead2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Cereals Area Harvested64 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 353.7Kha2024 CE · FAOSTAT |
Military
6 of 32 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| CINC Score57 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 0.0009CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption57 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 4.7Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production57 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 0tons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel46 obs · 1960 CE–2016 CE | 17Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure % GDP42 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 1.59% of GDP2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Military Expenditure Usd41 obs · 1961 CE–2024 CE | 201.9Mcurrent US$2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Territory & resources
6 of 30 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 1.75% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Fao Agricultural Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 44.1Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Arable Land63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 1.1Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Country Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 63.8Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Cropland63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 1.1Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
| Fao Land Area63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 62.7Mha2023 CE · FAOSTAT |
Governance
6 of 20 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.169index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.126index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.09index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.151index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity252 obs · 1960 CE–2012 CE | 5index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
Development
6 of 25 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 0.66index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km89 obs · 1905 CE–1993 CE | 0km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Electricity Production44 obs · 1955 CE–1998 CE | 279MGWh1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Commercial Vehicles41 obs · 1950 CE–1997 CE | 12count1997 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Irrigated Area41 obs · 1961 CE–2001 CE | 200hectares2001 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars41 obs · 1950 CE–1997 CE | 13Kcount1997 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
5 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Hassan Ali KhayreHead of Government2017 CE – 2020 CE
- Mohamed Abdullahi MohamedHead of State2017 CE – 2022 CE
- Mahdi Mohammed GulaidHead of Government2020 CE
- Mohamed Hussein RobleHead of Government2020 CE –
- Hassan Sheikh MohamudHead of State2022 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of Ethiopia
- Government type
- federal parliamentary republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President HASSAN SHEIKH Mohamud (since 23 May 2022); head of government: Prime Minister Hamza Abdi BARRE (since 25 June 2022); cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister, approved by the House of the People;
- Ethnic groups
- predominantly Somali with lesser numbers of Arabs, Bantus, and others
- Natural resources
- uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, likely oil reserves
- Economy
- low-income African Horn economy; 30 years of war and instability crippled economic potential; high remittances for basic survival; new fiscal federalism approach; cleared some unsustainable debt; environmentally fragile; digitally driven urbanization efforts
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Arabic, Somali
- Currency
- Somali shillings (SOS)
Memberships
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1960 CE –
- Arab LeagueALInternational organisation · member1974 CE –
- 23-member Entente (1945)Historical alliance · member1974 CE –
- 21-member Defense Pact (1950)Military alliance · member1974 CE –
- African UnionAUInternational organisation · founding member2002 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
CIA World Factbook 2024
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
FAOSTAT2024 release
FAO (2024). FAOSTAT Statistical Database. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
CC BY 4.0
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Federal Republic of Somalia is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.