Polity · 1932 CE – present
Canada
- Peak recorded area
- 10,024,500 km²
- 1949 CE
- Rulers on record
- 29
- from 1867 CE
- Data series
- 480
- 1932 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the second-largest country by total area, with the longest coastline of any country. Its border with the United States is the longest international land border. The country is characterized by a wide range of both meteorologic and geological regions.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
3 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 2 further extents, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 68 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population306 obs · 1 CE–2025 CE | 40.1Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy165 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 82.88years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 326.2Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 0.899% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 85.03years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male140 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 80.74years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 142 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP220 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 45.1Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP per capita158 obs · 1820 CE–2022 CE | 45.5K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| GDP Current Usd112 obs · 1960 CE–2025 CE | 2.3Tcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Total Exports95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 474.6Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | 507Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance95 obs · 1920 CE–2014 CE | -32.4Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 67 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP141 obs · 1950 CE–2025 CE | 2% of GDP2025 CE · CIA World Factbook 2024 |
| CINC Score97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 0.0084CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 358.9Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 12.6Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 13.2Bcurrent USD2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel97 obs · 1920 CE–2016 CE | 66Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
Territory & resources
6 of 114 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %126 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 4.34% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Coal Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 317.6TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Gas Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 1,941.59TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 3,372.07TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 39.46% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Agricultural Land %63 obs · 1961 CE–2023 CE | 6.47%2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Governance
6 of 27 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index184 obs · 1841 CE–2024 CE | 0.842index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index184 obs · 1841 CE–2024 CE | 0.744index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index184 obs · 1841 CE–2024 CE | 0.585index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index184 obs · 1841 CE–2024 CE | 0.966index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Polity2146 obs · 1867 CE–2012 CE | 10index (-10 to 10)2012 CE · Clio-Infra |
| Regime Type125 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 2RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
Development
6 of 62 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index184 obs · 1841 CE–2024 CE | 0.943index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Tech Railway Line Km158 obs · 1836 CE–1993 CE | 55.5Kkm1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Radios105 obs · 1865 CE–1999 CE | 32.9Kcount1999 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Merchant Shipping Tonnage96 obs · 1867 CE–1991 CE | 2,685gross tons1991 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Passenger Cars95 obs · 1904 CE–1998 CE | 13.9Mcount1998 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
| Tech Railway Freight Tkm87 obs · 1907 CE–1993 CE | 257Ktonne-km1993 CE · CHAT (Comin-Hobijn) |
Rulers
29 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- VictoriaHead of State1867 CE – 1901 CE
- John AbbottHead of Government1891 CE – 1892 CE
- John Sparrow David ThompsonHead of Government1892 CE – 1894 CE
- Mackenzie BowellHead of Government1894 CE – 1896 CE
- Charles TupperHead of Government1896 CE
- Wilfrid LaurierHead of Government1896 CE – 1911 CE
- Edward VIIHead of State1901 CE – 1910 CE
- George VHead of State1910 CE – 1936 CE
- Robert BordenHead of Government1911 CE – 1920 CE
- Arthur MeighenHead of Government1920 CE – 1921 CE
- William Lyon Mackenzie KingHead of Government1921 CE – 1926 CE
- Richard Bedford BennettHead of Government1930 CE – 1935 CE
- Edward VIIIHead of State1936 CE
- George VIHead of State1936 CE – 1952 CE
- Louis St. LaurentHead of Government1948 CE – 1957 CE
- Elizabeth IIHead of State1952 CE – 2022 CE
- John DiefenbakerHead of Government1957 CE – 1963 CE
- Lester B. PearsonHead of Government1963 CE – 1968 CE
- Pierre TrudeauHead of Government1968 CE – 1979 CE
- Joe ClarkHead of Government1979 CE – 1980 CE
- Brian MulroneyHead of Government1984 CE – 1993 CE
- John TurnerHead of Government1984 CE
- Jean ChrétienHead of Government1993 CE – 2003 CE
- Kim CampbellHead of Government1993 CE
- Paul MartinHead of Government2003 CE – 2006 CE
- Stephen HarperHead of Government2006 CE – 2015 CE
- Justin TrudeauHead of Government2015 CE – 2025 CE
- Charles IIIHead of State2022 CE –
- Mark CarneyHead of Government2025 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Northern North America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean on the east, North Pacific Ocean on the west, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, north of the conterminous US
- Government type
- federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution
- Executive branch
- chief of state: King CHARLES III (since 8 September 2022); represented by Governor General Mary SIMON (since 26 July 2021); head of government: Prime Minister Mark CARNEY (since 14 March 2025); cabinet: Federal Ministry chosen by the prime minister usually from among members of his/her own party sitting in Parliament;
- Ethnic groups
- Canadian 15.6%, English 14.7%, Scottish 12.1%, French 11%, Irish 12.1%, German 8.1%, Chinese 4.7%, Italian 4.3%, First Nations 1.7%, Indian 3.7%, Ukrainian 3.5%, Metis 1.5% (2021 est.)
- Natural resources
- bauxite, iron ore, nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, uranium, rare earth elements, molybdenum, potash, diamonds, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydropower
- Economy
- high-income economy and second-largest US trading partner; key timber, oil, and gas industries; trade uncertainties and weak business investments contributing to economic slowdown; high and growing public debt; inflation moderating but remains above target range
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- English, French
- Currency
- Canadian dollars (CAD)
Memberships
- League of NationsLoNInternational organisation · founding member1920 CE – 1946 CE
- Commonwealth of NationsCWInternational organisation · founding member1931 CE –
- Allied Powers (WWII)Historical alliance · member1939 CE – 1945 CE
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- Five EyesFVEYMilitary alliance · member1948 CE –
- NATONATOMilitary alliance · founding member1949 CE –
- 20-member Defense Pact (1949)Military alliance · member1949 CE –
- United States of America–Canada Defense Pact (1958)Military alliance · member1958 CE –
- 13-member Non-Aggression Pact (1962)Historical alliance · member1962 CE – 1964 CE
- Canada–Russia Entente (1971)Historical alliance · member1971 CE – 1992 CE
- G7G7Political union · member1976 CE –
- 35-member Defense Pact (1947)Military alliance · member1989 CE –
- Canada–Russia Non-Aggression Pact (1992)Historical alliance · member1992 CE –
- NAFTANAFTATrade agreement · founding member1994 CE – 2020 CE
- G20G20Political union · founding member1999 CE –
- USMCAUSMCATrade agreement · founding member2020 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CHAT (Comin-Hobijn)2009 (FinalCHAT_72909)
Comin, D. & Hobijn, B. (2009). The CHAT Dataset. NBER Working Paper 15319.
NBER research data, freely downloadable
Central Intelligence Agency (2024). The World Factbook. Washington, DC.
Public Domain (US Government work)
Clio-Infra2017 datasets
Clio-Infra project (2017). Reconstructions of global inequality and well-being. International Institute of Social History.
Academic use, attribution
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0