Polity · 1971 CE – present
Arab Republic of Egypt
مصر · جُمهورِيّةُ مِصرَ العَرَبيّةِ · Republik Arab Mesir
Also recorded as Egypt
- Peak recorded area
- 1,010,870 km²
- 2014 CE
- Rulers on record
- 28
- from 1972 CE
- Data series
- 438
- 1971 CE–2025 CE
Overview
Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Palestine and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan and the Sahara to the south, and Libya to the west. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia.
Lead section from Wikipedia, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0. Read the article.
Territory
2 dated territorial extents on record from Cliopatria. Areas are measured off the recorded polygons; the line steps because each extent holds until the next one is recorded — nothing is interpolated. CShapes 2.0 holds 1 further extent, measured on a different basis and deliberately not merged into this series.
The record
The best-attested series in each category; where several projects publish the same quantity, the one with the most observations is shown. Each row is the most recent value the record holds at or before the last complete year, shown with the year that value belongs to. Some statistical series also publish forward projections — the year column is the honest guide. Nothing on this page is interpolated or estimated by us.
People
6 of 68 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Population170 obs · 1 CE–2025 CE | 118.4Mpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy132 obs · 1971 CE–2025 CE | 71.99years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Population Growth109 obs · 1971 CE–2025 CE | 1.47% annual2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Net Migration108 obs · 1971 CE–2025 CE | -57.3Kpersons2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Female107 obs · 1971 CE–2025 CE | 74.21years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
| Life Expectancy Male107 obs · 1971 CE–2025 CE | 69.82years2025 CE · UN World Population Prospects 2024 |
Economy
6 of 154 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| GDP per capita PPP171 obs · 1800 CE–2019 CE | 11.7Kint'l $ (inflation adj.)2019 CE · Gapminder |
| GDP Current Usd101 obs · 1971 CE–2025 CE | 365.3Bcurrent US$2025 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| GDP per capita63 obs · 1 CE–2022 CE | 13.2K2011 int'l $2022 CE · Maddison Project Database 2023 |
| Total Exports57 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 26.7Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Total Imports57 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | 68.2Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
| Trade Balance57 obs · 1870 CE–2014 CE | -41.5Kmillion USD (current)2014 CE · CoW Bilateral Trade v4.0 |
Military
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Military Expenditure % GDP109 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 0.6653% of GDP2024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
| CINC Score74 obs · 1855 CE–2016 CE | 0.0101CINC (share of world capability)2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Energy Consumption74 obs · 1855 CE–2016 CE | 135.6Mcoal-ton equivalents2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Iron Steel Production74 obs · 1855 CE–2016 CE | 5Mtons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Personnel74 obs · 1855 CE–2016 CE | 439Kpersons2016 CE · Correlates of War NMC v6.0 |
| Military Expenditure Constant Usd54 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 2,661.26millions_usd_20232024 CE · SIPRI Military Expenditure Database |
Territory & resources
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Arable Land %106 obs · 1971 CE–2023 CE | 3.12% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Gas Production76 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 475.19TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Oil Production76 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 362.15TWh2024 CE · Our World in Data Energy |
| Forest Area %68 obs · 1990 CE–2023 CE | 0.0452% of land area2023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Co2 Emissions Mt Co2e54 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 291.64mt_co2_equivalent2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
| Co2 Emissions per capita54 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 2.5t_co2e_per_capita2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment) |
Governance
6 of 27 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Electoral Democracy Index187 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.186index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Participatory Democracy Index187 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.079index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Rule Of Law Index187 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.348index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Liberal Democracy Index185 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.129index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Regime Type76 obs · 1900 CE–2024 CE | 1RoW index (0-3)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Checks And Balances49 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 2count2023 CE · Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023 |
Development
6 of 63 series| Series | Value · year · source |
|---|---|
| Freedom Of Expression Index187 obs · 1789 CE–2024 CE | 0.185index (0-1)2024 CE · V-Dem v15 |
| Primary Enrollment Gross %51 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 96.71%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Mobile Subscriptions Per 10049 obs · 1975 CE–2023 CE | 92.83per_1002023 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Secondary Enrollment Gross %47 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 84.83%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Tertiary Enrollment Gross %46 obs · 1971 CE–2024 CE | 37.58%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
| Dpt Immunization %45 obs · 1980 CE–2024 CE | 97%2024 CE · World Bank World Development Indicators |
Rulers
28 on record with dated reigns. Reign years follow the house convention: BCE years are negative.
- Aziz SedkiPrime Minister of Egypt1972 CE – 1973 CE
- Anwar SadatPrime Minister of Egypt1973 CE – 1974 CE
- Abd El Aziz Muhammad HegaziPrime Minister of Egypt1974 CE – 1975 CE
- Hosni MubarakVice President of Egypt1975 CE – 1981 CE
- Mamdouh SalemPrime Minister of Egypt1975 CE – 1978 CE
- Mustafa KhalilPrime Minister of Egypt1978 CE – 1980 CE
- Hosni MubarakPrime Minister of Egypt1981 CE – 1982 CE
- Hosni MubarakPresident of Egypt1981 CE – 2011 CE
- Sufi Abu TalebPresident of Egypt1981 CE
- Ahmad Fuad MohieddinPrime Minister of Egypt1982 CE – 1984 CE
- Kamal Hassan AliPrime Minister of Egypt1984 CE – 1985 CE
- Ali Lutfi MahmudPrime Minister of Egypt1985 CE – 1986 CE
- Atef SedkiPrime Minister of Egypt1986 CE – 1996 CE
- Kamal GanzouriPrime Minister of Egypt1996 CE – 1999 CE
- Atef EbeidPrime Minister of Egypt1999 CE – 2004 CE
- Ahmed NazifPrime Minister of Egypt2004 CE – 2011 CE
- Ahmed ShafikPrime Minister of Egypt2011 CE
- Essam SharafPrime Minister of Egypt2011 CE
- Omar SuleimanVice President of Egypt2011 CE
- Hesham QandilPrime Minister of Egypt2012 CE – 2013 CE
- Mohamed MorsiPresident of Egypt2012 CE – 2013 CE
- Adly MansourPresident of Egypt2013 CE – 2014 CE
- Hazem Al BeblawiPrime Minister of Egypt2013 CE – 2014 CE
- Mohamed ElBaradeiVice President of Egypt2013 CE
- Abdel Fattah el-SisiHead of State2014 CE –
- Ibrahim MahlabPrime Minister of Egypt2014 CE – 2015 CE
- Sherif IsmailPrime Minister of Egypt2015 CE – 2018 CE
- Mostafa MadboulyHead of Government2018 CE –
Country profile
From the CIA World Factbook 2024. Long entries are trimmed at a sentence boundary.
- Location
- Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
- Government type
- presidential republic
- Executive branch
- chief of state: President Abdel Fattah EL-SISI (since 8 June 2014); head of government: Prime Minister Mostafa MADBOULY (since 7 June 2018); cabinet: Cabinet ministers nominated by the executive branch and approved by the House of Representatives;
- Ethnic groups
- Egyptian 99.7%, other 0.3% (2006 est.)
- Natural resources
- petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, rare earth elements, zinc
- Economy
- Africa’s second-largest economy; 2030 Vision to diversify markets and energy infrastructure; improving fiscal, external, and current accounts; underperforming private sector; poor labor force participation; expanded credit access
Language & currency
- Official & national languages
- Arabic
- Currency
- Egyptian pounds (EGP)
Memberships
- Arab LeagueALInternational organisation · founding member1945 CE –
- Non-Aligned MovementNAMInternational organisation · founding member1961 CE –
- Organisation of Islamic CooperationOICInternational organisation · founding member1969 CE –
- United NationsUNInternational organisation · member1971 CE –
- Sudan–Egypt Defense Pact (1976)Military alliance · member1976 CE – 1989 CE
- Egypt–Israel Non-Aggression Pact (1979)Historical alliance · member1979 CE –
- 23-member Entente (1945)Historical alliance · member1989 CE –
- 21-member Defense Pact (1950)Military alliance · member1989 CE –
- African UnionAUInternational organisation · founding member2002 CE –
- BRICSBRICSEconomic bloc · member2024 CE –
Sources
Every figure above comes from one of these. Nothing on this page is estimated, interpolated or model-generated.
CIA World Factbook 2024
Seshat Global History Databank. Cliopatria: a historical basemap of polity borders (cliopatria.geojson).
Correlates of War NMC v6.0v6.0
Singer, J.D. (1987). National Material Capabilities Data (NMC), v6.0. Correlates of War Project.
Free academic use, citation
Barbieri, K. & Keshk, O. (2016). Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set, v4.0.
Free academic use, citation
Database of Political Institutions (DPI) 2023DPI 2023
Cruz, C., Keefer, P. & Scartascini, C. (2023). Database of Political Institutions 2023. Inter-American Development Bank.
IDB open data, attribution
Gapminderv14 / systema globalis
Gapminder Foundation. Gapminder systema globalis dataset.
CC BY 4.0
Maddison Project Database 20232023
Bolt, J. & van Zanden, J.L. (2024). Maddison Project Database 2023. University of Groningen GGDC.
CC BY 4.0
Our World in Data (2024). Energy dataset. Based on Energy Institute & Ember.
CC BY 4.0
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database2024
SIPRI (2024). Military Expenditure Database.
Free for non-commercial use, attribution
UN World Population Prospects 20242024
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024.
CC BY 3.0 IGO
V-Dem v15v15
Coppedge, M. et al. (2025). V-Dem Country-Year Dataset v15. Varieties of Democracy Project.
Free academic/non-commercial use, attribution
Wikipedia contributors. Article lead sections, reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.
CC BY-SA 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators. Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
World Bank World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment)2024 release
World Bank (2024). World Development Indicators (Climate & Environment series). Washington, DC.
CC BY 4.0
Arab Republic of Egypt is one of the polities with a sourced record deep enough to publish.